1. 1 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 End-to-End Protocols Computer Networks, 5th Edition

2. 2 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.1 Format for UDP header.

3. 3 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.2 UDP message queue.

4. 4 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.3 How TCP manages a byte stream.

5. 5 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.4 TCP header format.

6. 6 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.5 Simplified illustration (showing only one direction) of the TCP process, with data flow in one direction and ACKs in the other.

7. 7 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.6 Timeline for three-way handshake algorithm.

8. 8 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.7 TCP state-transition diagram.

9. 9 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.8 Relationship between TCP send buffer (a) and receive buffer (b).

10. 10 Copyright © 2011, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.9 Silly window syndrome. (a) As long as the sender sends MSS-sized segments and the receiver ACKs one MSS at a time, the system works smoothly. (b) As soon as the sender sends less than one MSS, or the receiver ACKs less than one MSS, a small “container” enters the system and continues to circulate.

11. 11 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.10 Associating the ACK with (a) original transmission versus (b) retransmission.

12. 12 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.11 Measured system: Two Linux workstations and a pair of Gbps Ethernet links.

13. 13 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.12 Measured throughput using TCP, for various message sizes.

14. 14 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.13 Timeline for RPC.

15. 15 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.14 Complete RPC mechanism.

16. 16 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.15 Simple timeline for a reliable RPC protocol.

17. 17 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.16 Timeline for a reliable RPC protocol using implicit acknowledgment.

18. 18 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.17 Protocol graph for SunRPC on top of UDP.

19. 19 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.18 SunRPC header formats: (a) request; (b) reply.

20. 20 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.19 Typical DCE-RPC message exchange.

21. 21 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.20 Fragmentation with selective acknowledgments.

22. 22 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.21 User interface of a vat audioconference.

23. 23 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.22 Protocol stack for multimedia applications using RTP.

24. 24 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.23 RTP header format.

25. 25 Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved Chapter 5 FIGURE 5.24 Padding of an RTP packet.