2. Key Characteristics of the Renaissance Religious devotion of the Middle Ages gave way to interest in the human being’s place on this earth Religious devotion of the Middle Ages gave way to interest in the human being’s place on this earth Universities introduced a new curriculum, the humanities, including history, geography, poetry, and languages Universities introduced a new curriculum, the humanities, including history, geography, poetry, and languages Invention of printing made books more available Invention of printing made books more available More writers began using the vernacular More writers began using the vernacular

3. The Age of Exploration Renaissance thirst for knowledge lead to a great burst of exploration. Renaissance thirst for knowledge lead to a great burst of exploration. Crusades opened routes to Asia soon monopolized by Italian merchants. Crusades opened routes to Asia soon monopolized by Italian merchants. Explorers from other nations searched for all-sea routes aided by compass and advances in astronomy. Explorers from other nations searched for all-sea routes aided by compass and advances in astronomy. Culminated in Columbus’s discovery of the New World in 1492--colonization Culminated in Columbus’s discovery of the New World in 1492--colonization

4. England in the Age of Exploration 1497—Italian-born John Cabot reached Newfoundland (an island off the coast of Canada) and perhaps the mainland 1497—Italian-born John Cabot reached Newfoundland (an island off the coast of Canada) and perhaps the mainland Cabot laid the basis for future English claims in North America. Cabot laid the basis for future English claims in North America.

5. Tudor England Tudor dynasty ruled from 1485-1603. Tudor dynasty ruled from 1485-1603. Time of stability and economic expansion Time of stability and economic expansion London a metropolis of 180,000 people London a metropolis of 180,000 people Many saw the changes as a threat to the old familiar ways Many saw the changes as a threat to the old familiar ways Feared new outbreaks of civil strife (War of the Roses) Feared new outbreaks of civil strife (War of the Roses)

6. War of the Roses English Civil War to determine who would take the throne House of York House of Lancaster War lasted from 1453 - 1487 Henry of Lancaster led his house to victory

7. War of the Roses Henry Tudor became Henry VII of England He married the daughter of the dead leader of the house of York, uniting the two houses The TUDOR Dynasty had begun

8. Tudor Family Tree

9. Henry VII  Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York (daughter of Edward IV).  Henry had defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses.  Henry VII went on to forge international relationships through the marriages of his children.

10. Henry VIII  Second son of Henry VII  After his elder brother Arthur died, Henry became heir to the throne.  Spain and England wanted to keep their alliance  So Henry married Catherine of Aragon, Arthur’s widow - no papal dispensation was given, and the marriage was even done by proxy; Henry was only permitted to consent at canonical age (which he never did)  Later he tried to annul this marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn.  Henry claimed that God punished him by denying him a legitimate male heir – in Leviticus, God does threaten childlessness if a man marries his brother’s widow…so Henry came to see this marriage as cursed…

11. Divorce More wouldn’t support the divorce Henry proceeded to dissolve his ties to the Pope ENGLISH REFORMATION – Henry VIII took control of the English clergy and had himself appointed the head of the Church of England He divorced Catherine and married his lover Anne Boleyn

12. Anglican Church The Act of Annantes 1532 Stopped all payment to the Catholic Church The Act of Appeals 1533 Ended Rome’s Religious hold on England The Act of Supremacy 1534 Made Henry VIII the head of the Church of England Executions Any subject who wouldn’t denounce the Catholic Church

13. Edward VI Edward VI Crowned at the age of nine Regents ruled during his reign Had a good relationship with his sisters He died at the age of 15 from fever & cough  During his kingship, England was largely under the rule of Edward’s council, which included Thomas Seymour (the Duke of Somerset)

14. Mary I (Bloody Mary) “Bloody Mary” – when she took the throne, she returned Catholicism to England, executing anyone involved in the Protestant Reformation She imprisoned Elizabeth, her sister, in the Tower of London when Elizabeth was 21 However, Mary wed Phillip of Spain, and shortly afterwards became pregnant

15. Since she was pregnant with an heir to the throne, she no longer saw Elizabeth as a threat, and released her Her belly continued to swell, but there was no baby Mary died from what is now believed to be a large tumor in her stomach

16. Elizabeth I After Mary’s five year reign, her half-sister, Elizabeth came to the throne. After Mary’s five year reign, her half-sister, Elizabeth came to the throne. Elizabeth was the last of the Tudors, dying unmarried and childless. Elizabeth was the last of the Tudors, dying unmarried and childless. Elizabeth received a Renaissance education, became a patron of the arts, and Elizabethan came to describe the English Renaissance at its height. Elizabeth received a Renaissance education, became a patron of the arts, and Elizabethan came to describe the English Renaissance at its height.

17. Elizabeth and the Church Ended religious turmoil Ended religious turmoil Reestablished the monarch’s supremacy in the Church of England Reestablished the monarch’s supremacy in the Church of England Restored the Book of Common Prayer Restored the Book of Common Prayer Instituted a policy of religious moderation Instituted a policy of religious moderation

18. Foreign Affairs France and Spain, England’s two greatest rivals, often worked with Catholic factions in England. France and Spain, England’s two greatest rivals, often worked with Catholic factions in England. Both nations fought to dominate England. Both nations fought to dominate England. Elizabeth and her counselors played one side against the other, using offers of marriage as bait. Elizabeth and her counselors played one side against the other, using offers of marriage as bait. This cleverness allowed England a period of peace and allowed commercial and maritime interests to prosper. This cleverness allowed England a period of peace and allowed commercial and maritime interests to prosper.