1. Chapter 4 Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, & Matter Cycling © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

2. Chapter Outline 1. Ecosystem Concepts Components and organization of EcologyComponents and organization of Ecology 2. Food Webs & Energy Flow autotrophs, heterotrophs, productivity, efficiencyautotrophs, heterotrophs, productivity, efficiency 3. Nutrient Cycles water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphoruswater, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus 4. Ecosystem Services importance of ecosystemsimportance of ecosystems © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

3. Ecosystem Concepts Ecology: study of relationships between organisms & their environment biosphere ecosystem community population organism © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Realm of ecology

6. Organism organism: any form of life classified into species species: groups of organisms that resemble each other and can potentially interbreed There are estimated to be 3.6 - 100 million species Only about 1.8 million species named © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

7. Fun Species Names Aha ha – an Australian wasp

8. Fun Species Names GoldenPalace.com monkey

9. Fun Species Names Pieza kake fly

10. Population Population: a group of interacting individuals of the same species Examples: school of fish white oak trees in a forest people in a city © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

11. Communities Communities: populations of all species living together in a given area Example: Redwood forest community: populations of redwood populations of other trees populations of animals populations of microorganisms © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

12. Ecosystem Ecosystem: a community of different species interacting with one another & with their non–living environment Examples: a patch of woods a lake or pond a farm field your mouth © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

13. Biome Biomes: large land area characterized by a distinct climate & specific populations Major biomes: temperate grassland temperate deciduous forest desert tropical rain forest tropical deciduous forest tropical savannah coniferous forest tundra © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

15. Aquatic Life Zone Aquatic Life Zone: major marine or freshwater portion of the ecosphere, containing numerous ecosystems Major aquatic life zones: lakes streams estuaries coastlines coral reefs deep ocean © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

16. Major Components of Ecosystems © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP abiotic: non-living components – –e.g., water, air, nutrients, & solar energy biotic: living components –e.g., plants, animals, & microorganisms

17. Biotic Components producers (autotrophs "self–feeders"): make their own food from abiotic compounds. most by photosynthesis, e.g., green plants a few by chemosynthesis, e.g., some bacteria © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

18. Biotic Components consumers (heterotrophs "other–feeders"): get their energy & nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains. omnivores carnivores herbivores decomposers © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

19. Consumers (heterotrophs) omnivores: consumers that feed on both plants & animals 15 pound “belly buster” cheeseburger

21. Consumers (heterotrophs) carnivores: consumers that only feed on animals carnivores: consumers that only feed on animals +=

22. Consumers (heterotrophs) scavengers: feed on dead organisms

23. Consumers (heterotrophs) herbivore: consumers that only feed on plants herbivore: consumers that only feed on plants

24. Consumers (heterotrophs) decomposers: consumers that breakdown organic materials from other organisms

25. Consumers (heterotrophs) detritivores: feed on detritus (partially decomposed organic matter, such as leaf litter & animal dung)

26. Decomposers

27. Consumers (heterotrophs) primary consumers: (herbivores) feed directly on producers secondary consumers: (carnivores) feed on primary consumers tertiary consumers: feed on carnivores © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

28. Aquatic Ecosystems

29. Terrestrial Ecosystems

31. Limiting Factor Limiting Factor: an environmental factor that is more important than other factors in regulating survival, growth, or reproduction too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth tolerance: distribution & abundance of a species determined by range of physical or chemical factors © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

32. Range of Tolerance