1. Individual Behavior at work

2. Objectives: The nature of individual differences.
Basic theories of personality , perception , attitude.
Their Significance for human behavior at work
Managerial strategies for the diagnosis and control of individual behavioral problems, such as stress , and resistance to change.

3. Individual Behavior at work
Perception
Personality
Individual Behavior at work
Attitude
Conflict ,Stress and
Change
Ability and Aptitude

4. Individual Behavior at work
Personality
Personality:
-What is personality
-Traits and types
-The big 5 factors
-Self and self image
-Personality and work
behavior
Perception
Individual Behavior at work
Attitude
Conflict ,Stress and
Change
Ability and Aptitude

5. Personality: What is personality ? Traits and types
It is the total pattern of characteristic ways of thinking , feeling and behaving that constitute the individual distinctive method of relating to environment. Tow main approaches (nomothetic and idiographic )
Traits and types
Traits are consistently observable properties , or the tendency for a person to behave in a particular way. If you say someone is generally sweet-tempered or undemonstrative ,you are identifying traits in their personality

6. The Big Five factors
The five-factor model is comprised of five personality dimensions OCEAN
Openness to experience vs. not open to experience
Conscientiousness vs. undirectedness
Extroversion vs. introversion
Agreeable vs. antagonism
Neuroticism vs. emotional stability

8. Self and self image Self
George Herbert Mead (1934) noted that despite the constraints of social values and norms, people still display originality and individuality.
Self has two components:
I – spontaneous and unique eg: knowledgeable
ME – learnt through exposure to society eg: leadership, soft skills
Self image
People have subjective picture of what their own self is like; this is called a ‘self-image’.

9. Personality and Behavior at work
Managers will have to consider the following aspects:
1-compatability of individual’s personality with the task.
2-compatability of individual’s personality with the systems and management culture of the organization
3-compatability of individual’s personality with that of the others in the team.
Incase incompatibilities occur , managers will have to:
1- restore compatibility
2-achieve compromise
3-remove the incompatible personality

10. Individual Behavior at work
Perception
Perception:
What is Perception
Perception and Work
behavior
Personality
Individual Behavior at work
Attitude
Conflict ,Stress and
Change
Ability and Aptitude

11. Perception:
What is Perception: Perception is the psychological process by which stimuli or in-coming sensory data are selected and organised into patterns which are meaningful to the individual.

12. Perceptual Organization
Perceptual Selection
Context – People ‘ see what they want to see’
Nature of the stimuli – Our attention tends to be drawn to large, bright, loud, unfamiliar, moving and repeated stimuli
Internal factors – Our attention is drawn to stimuli that match out personality, needs, interests, expectation and so on.
Fear or trauma – People are able to avoid seeing things that they don’t want to see.
Perceptual Organization
-Is the process through which incoming stimuli are organized or patterned in systematic and meaningful ways.
-A complementary process of perceptual organisation deals with the interpretation of the data which has been gathered and filtered.
-The brain groups, separates and patterns stimuli to make them recognisable and useful to the individual.

13. Perception and Behavior at work
Consider whether you might be misinterpreting the situation.
e.g.: you are in a meeting and doing a presentation about some crucial information. May a part of the information is very awkward and you try to skip it. There are possibilities that this act might make you misinterpret the information.
Consider whether others might be misinterpreting the situation, or interpreting it differently from you.
Similarly there are times that you say something very nice to your friend but in a different tone and your friend might misinterpret the whole situation and then might stop talking to you.
When tackling a task or a problem, get the people involved to define the situation as they see it.
Therefore, it is always suggested that try to get the people involved i.e. ask them to repeat what they heard before the confusion goes on and creates problems.

14. Individual Behavior at work
Attitude
Personality
Perception
Individual Behavior at work
Attitude:
What are attitudes.
Attitudes at work
Conflict ,Stress and
Change
Ability and Aptitude

15. What are attitudes
Attitudes are the established ways of responding to people and situations that we have learned, based on the beliefs, values and assumptions we hold. Attitudes become manifest through your behavior.
An attitude is a mental and neural state of readiness exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the individual’s response to all objects and situations with which it is related.

16. Attitudes at work Behavior in the work is influenced by:
-Attitude to work
-Work conditions
-People
-Task
-The organization and management
-Other people
-Politics
Non-work factors
-Class and class consciousness
-Age
-Race, culture or religion
-Lifestyle and interests
-Gender
-Interpersonal relations at work
-The self concept of the individual
Attitudes to work

17. Individual Behavior at work
Ability and Aptitude:
Perception
Personality
Individual Behavior at work
Attitude
Ability and Aptitude:
Ability and Aptitude
Intelligence
Learning
Conflict ,Stress and
Change

18. Ability and Aptitude / Intelligence
Abilities are things that people can do or are good at – largely believed to be inherited where as aptitude is the capacity to learn and develop abilities or skills.
Intelligence is a wide and complex concept. Recent work appears to confirm the commonsense observation that intelligence takes many forms including :
Analytic Intelligence (measured by IQ) / Spatial intelligence / musical intelligence / Physical Intelligence / practical intelligence / intra personal intelligence / interpersonal intelligence

19. Learning
Learning is the acquisition and development of memories and behaviors, including skills, knowledge, understanding, values, and wisdom. It is the product of experience and the goal of education.
Learning ranges from simple forms of learning such as habituation and classical conditioning .
The learning cycle by David Kolb

20. Conflict ,Stress and Change:
Personality
Perception
Individual Behavior at work
Attitude
Conflict ,Stress and
Change:
-Conflict
-Controlling conflict
-Symptoms of stress
-Causes of stress
Change
Overcoming resistance to
change
Ability and Aptitude

21. Conflict ,Stress and Change:
Main reasons of conflict:
The need to share scarce resources
Differences in goals between organizational units
Differences in values, attitudes or perception among members of different units
Stress : Stress is a term which is often loosely used to describe feelings of tension or exhaustion usually associated with too much, or overly demanding work.
Symptoms of stress:
Nervous tension – irritability and increased sensitivity, digestive disorders
Withdrawal – unusual quietness and reluctance to communicate
Low morale – low confidence, dissatisfaction, poor discipline
Causes of stress:
-Too many demands on the individual
-Too few demands on the individual
-Uncertainty and therefore insecurity
-Personality factors

22. Change
Change affects individuals in all sorts of ways. Examples: change in the shift, change in the layout, change in the working conditions
Overcoming Resistance to change:
The pace of change
The scope of change
The manner of change