1. APHY398C 2/23/2016 1 Effects of Radiation

2. APHY398C 2/23/2016 2 Effects of Radiation   Cells of mammals 70-85% water, 10-20% proteins, 10% carbohydrates Radiation in water produces H 2 O +, H 2 O * and e - : H 2 O + + H 2 O → H 3 O + + OH H 2 O * → H 2 O + + e - or H + OH e - → e - aq

3. APHY398C 2/23/2016 3 Effects of Radiation   Biological Effects Direct – initial action of radiation (ex. DNA ionization) Indirect – later chemical actions (ex. OH attacks DNA) Stochastic – statistical risk (elevated cancer levels) Deterministic – casual relationship (skin reddening)

4. APHY398C 2/23/2016 4 Effects of Radiation

5. APHY398C 2/23/2016 5 Effects of Radiation   Sources of Human Data Life span study of survivors at Hiroshima and Nagasaki X rays used to shrink thymus glands in children 1930-40s X rays used to treat ringworm of the scalp 1940-50s Radium dial painters 1920s Uranium miners Accidents – bomb test fallout (1954), Chernobyl (1986)

6. APHY398C 2/23/2016 6 Effects of Radiation   Acute radiation syndrome   Delayed effects Cancer Shortened Lifespan Cataracts Genetic mutations

7. APHY398C 2/23/2016 7 Effects of Radiation