1. Diabetes

2. The background The body is able to adjust to the fluctuating internal and external environment with a process called HOMEOSTASIS (like a feedback system with a central control center)

3. Examples of Homeostasis - the nervous and hormonal systems act on digestion before we even eat: seeing, smelling and tasting food stimulates gastric secretions - swallowing stimulates production of gastric juices, ex. the hormone gastrin stimulate gastric juice release before food gets to stomach

5. Examples of Homeostasis ex. blood sugar levels: - constant concentration is crucial to our well-being, if fall below a certain value our brains shut down (coma) - when we eat the blood sugar (glucose) goes up and insulin is released from the pancreas, which allows liver and muscles to take up glucose Liver cells turn glucose into glycogen When blood sugar decreases, pancreas release glucagon (glycogen → glucose) Glucose is then released into blood stream

7. Diabetes A chronic disease in which body cells are unable to use glucose to provide energy for msucles and tissues Diabetes develops when there is not enough insulin in the bloodstream or when the body cannot use the insulin made by the pancreas

8. Instead of this….. normal glucose high glucose food low glucose insulin release (pancreas) cells take up excess glucose, liver makes glycogen glucagon release (pancreas) glycogen release as glucose (liver)

9. Glucose cannot get into cells and blood glucose levels can increase to life- threatening levels

10. Types of Diabetes Type 1 – insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system (often diagnosed in childhood) Type 2 – body does not make enough insulin or does not use the insulin it makes (often in people over 40, but changing) Gestational diabetes – during pregnancy due to hormone imbalance or inadequate insulin production

11. Not good news Risk factors include inactivity, weight/diet, age and family history Increasing type II in younger people Lots of complications like heart disease, kidney damage, eye damage, nerve damage, etc.

12. Treating diabetes Blood sugar monitoring, healthy eating and regular exercise Diabetes medication – e.g. lower liver glucose production Insulin therapy – e.g. injection, computerized insulin pumps Weigh loss surgery