1. September 5, 2012 Take Quiz on Elements of Music Present Projects
Begin the Middle Ages if there’s time

2. Hand back tests 10-15 minutes to correct the test Middle Ages
September 7, 2012
Hand back tests
10-15 minutes to correct the test
Middle Ages

3. Timeline Entries Harmonics (c. 330 BC) “Need Good Ear
Aristoxenus (c. 350 BC) Greek Theorist
One of earliest examples of music text & notation
Seikoles Song (1st Century AD)
Organized Plainchant
Pope Gregory I (reigned AD)
Notre Dame Organum 1st 4 pt. polyphony
Perotin (c )

4. The Middle Ages Or

5. What do you know about it?

6. Life in the Middle Ages
Reading in groups: Country Life

7. How Do We Know About this Music?
Iconography
Descriptions in literature & aural traditions
Surviving Instruments
Ethnomusicology
Surviving Lyrics
Theorists
Aristoxenus
Surviving notated music
Siekolas Song

8. Middle Ages 500-1400 A.D. Starts at end of Roman Emperor
Sometimes called the Dark Ages
Patronage system began
Black Death occurred
Two styles of music
Sacred
Secular

9. Music of the Middle Ages
Most important musicians were priests or people who worked for the church.
Music education for the boys for schools associated to churches
NO SINGING FOR WOMEN!
Some nuns learned to sing (Hildegard of Bingen)
Because of the huge amount of music in the church, only sacred music was notated for centuries!
Vocal music dominated because churches thought that instruments played a large role in prior pagan rites
Monks had to sing with pronunciation, concentration and tone quality

10. Gregorian Chant Melody set to Latin (religious) text Monophonic
3 Types of Gregorian Chant
Syllabic
Neumatic
Mellismatic
Meant to enhance religious ceremonies
No exact rhythm (notation of time did not exist yet!)
Tend to be a narrow range of pitches
Why do they call it Gregorian chant?

11. Pope Gregory I

12. Take a closer look at chant
Passed on by oral tradition
Intonation
Reciting Tone (Meditation)
Termination
e u o u a e – The vowels used as an abbreviation for “saeculorum, amen,” the last words of the doxology
Modes
Neumes
Breaths

13. September 11, 2012
Middle Ages

14. Extra Credit
What are the dates of the Middle Ages?

15. Listening Example “Alleluia: Vidimus Stellam
Solo opening phrase – cantor
Choir opening phrase
Melismatic on ia
Choir: Vidimus stellam ejus in Oriente et venimus cum muneribus adorare Dominum
Translation
Hallelujah
We have seen his star in the east and are coming with gifts to worship the Lord

16. Proper Chants of the Mass Each chant has special words for the type of mass
Introit
Gradual
Alleuia
Tract
Sequence
Offertory
Communion

17. Ordinary Chants of the Mass Fixed text that is sung at each mass
Kyrie Kyrie Eleison (3x) Christe Eleison (3X) Kyrie Eleison (3X)
Gloria
Credo
Sanctus
Benedictus
Agnus Dei
All chants are found in the Liber Usualis

18. Hildgard von Bingen (1098-1179)
Father was a knight
Given to the church by parents
Became a nun
Wrote poetry, music & philosophy
Known for having visions
Believed it was okay to have instruments in church

19. Hildegard continued Founded the Miracle Play
Enactments of scenes from the Bible
Took place outside the church
Used heterophony
More than one sound

20. Listening Example O Successores
Osuccessores fortissimi leonis inter templum et altare – dominantes in ministratione eius – sicut angeli sonant in laudibus, et sicut adsunt populis in adiutorio, vos estis inter ilos, qui haec faciunt, semper curam habentes in officio agni
Translation
You successors of the mightiest lion between the temple and the altar – you the masters in his household – as the angels sound forth praises and are here to help the nations, you are among those who accomplish this, forever showing your care in the service of the lamb.

21. Hildegard’s Music Used sacred text Influenced by secular styles Drone
Usually performed outside of the church

22. Key Points of Secular Music
Not religious music
Song about love or chivalry or nature-sung in their own language
Medieval minstrels: goliards, jongleurs
Minstrels were like slaves
Courtly musicians: troubadours (S. France), trouveres (N. France), minnesingers (Germany)
Instrumental dance music was also very popular
Began in notation in the 12th and 13th centuries
Knights were musical poets!
Estampie (dance)
Instruments included rebec, pipe, psaltery

23. Instruments of the Middle Ages
Medievel Bagpipes
Became modern day bagpipes
e.edu/antiqua/bagpipe.h tm

24. Bladder pipe
e.edu/antiqua/bladpipe. htm

25. Harp
e.edu/antiqua/harp.htm

26. Gemshorn
Became modern day flute
e.edu/antiqua/gemshorn .htm

27. Hurdy-Gurdy
e.edu/antiqua/hurdy.ht m

28. Pipe and Tabor
e.edu/antiqua/pipetabr.h tm

29. Organetto
e.edu/antiqua/organeto. htm

30. Psaltery
e.edu/antiqua/psaltery.h tm

31. Rebec
e.edu/antiqua/rebec.htm

32. Shawm
Became the modern oboe
e.edu/antiqua/renshaw m.htm

33. Organum
Polyphony– The single most important development of music history
The intentional combination of separate musical lines
Heterophony – everyone plays melody but improvises around it at different times
Drones
Intentional polyphony
Began

34. Development of Polyphony
Gregorian Chant
Doubling of chant at a parallet 4th or 5th
Guido d’Areggo – developed the staff with 4 lines and 4 spaces
Free organum
Melismatic organum
Mass of Notre Dame

35. Listening Example Organum
Perotin Alleluia: Nativitas

36. September 13, 2012
Middle Ages AD

37. Extra Credit Question
What was the single most important development in Western European music?

38. Review from Wednesday What is the definition of:
Sacred Music
Secular Music
Dates of Hildegard von Bingen
Organum
Development of the Organum
Cantus Firmus
A chant that is used as the basis for polyphony

39. Timeline Entries Ars Nova (c. 1325) Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361)
Mass of Notre Dame – 1st Polyphonic setting of the mass ordinary
Guillame de Machaut (c )

40. Philippe de Vitry 1290-1361 Priest, poet and musician
Developed a complex way of writing down music to accommodate the more complicated rhythms and music

41. De Vitry Cont. 1325 wrote a book called Ars Nova
New style
Challenged by Jacobus of Luttich
Music should be left alone
Ars Antiqua
Music of de Vitry

42. 14th Century Age of disintegration Hundred Year’s War
Catastrophic Plague (black death)
Weakening of the feudal system and Catholic church
Secular music became much more important than sacred music
Beats were subdivided into sets of 2 as well as three
Syncopation were very profound – became the “new art”

43. Francesco Landini ?-1397 Famous organist
Poet, scholar and inventor of string instruments
Secular music for 2 or 3 voices
Love and nature
Morality and politics

44. Francesco Landini Most celebrated Italian composer of the 14th century
Wrote Italian songs for 2 or 3 voices
Eco la primavera (Spring has come)
Ballata – Italian poetic and musical form that originated as a dance-song

45. Listening Example Ecco la primavera
Ecc la primavera, Che ‘ cor fa rallegrare; Temp’e d’annamorare E star con lieta cera
No vegiam l’aria e ‘l tempo Che pur chiam’ allegrecca
Translation
Spring has come. It makes the heart joyful; now is the time to fall in love and be happy.
We see the air and the fine weather which also call us to be happy.

46. In questo vago tempo Ogni cosa a vaghecca.
L’erbe con gran freschecca E fior’ coprono i prati, E gli albori adornati Sono in simil manera.
Ecco la primavera Che ‘lcor fa rallegrare, Temp’e d’annamorare E star con lieta cera.
In this sweet time, everything is beautiful.
Flowers and fresh green grass cover the meadows, and the trees too are in blossom.
Spring has come. It makes the heart joyful; now is the time to fall in love and be happy.

47. Guillaume de Machaut
Spent much time as a court official for various royal families
Great composer, singer & performer
Wrote the first polyphonic setting of the mass ordinary

48. Mass of Notre Dame
Mass ordinary consists of texts that remain the same from day to day throughout most of the church year.
Written for four voices
Listening example
Agnus Dei
A prayer for mercy and peace
Triple meter
3 parts

49. Mass of Notre Dame Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi: miserere nobis
Lamb of God, who taketh away the sins of the world, have mercy on us

50. Quick Overview Mutant Chant forms
Tropes
Sequence
Bridge between Secular and Sacred Music
Miracle Plays
Ballata
An Italian poetic and musical form that originated as a dance-song

51. Class Project The Medieval Period
The term Middle Ages implies little more than the period between the “good old days” of Rome, and the “wonderful new days” of the Renaissance. But during this time, a thousand years of human history, something must have happened that would deserve greater distinction.
Your job is to get an overall feeling for the period (actually 3 periods) by filling in the provided chart

52. Castles in the Middle Ages
September 17, 2012
Castles in the Middle Ages

53. Medieval Castle – What do you know?

54. Castles
Video on castles

55. September 19, 2012
Work on projects

56. Continue Projects – Due today! Written Assignment
September 21, 2012
Continue Projects – Due today!
Written Assignment

57. Review for test Finish written assignments
September 25, 2012
Review for test
Finish written assignments

58. 10 minutes to look over notes Test on Middle Ages
September 27, 2012
10 minutes to look over notes
Test on Middle Ages