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3. Izmit Turkey Seismogram

6. Differences in density and other physical properties affect the velocity of seismic waves. Granite (and Average Continental Crust) 6.0 km/sec 3.5 km/sec 2.5 km/sec 3.0 km/sec

7. Continental Crust: P-wave Velocity = 6 km/sec “Granite” Oceanic Crust: P-wave Velocity = 7 km/sec “Basalt”

9. Crust 6-7 km/sec Mantle 8-13 km/sec Outer Core 8-10 km/sec Inner Core 10-11 km/sec P-wave Velocities

13. speed of light in a vacuum = 300,000,000 m/s speed of light in glass = 200,000,000 m/s From:www.what-is-the-speed-of-light.com

14. Slow Fast

17.   T Distanced measured in degrees from epicenter. Travel-time versus Distance Curves

18.  Distanced measured in degrees from epicenter. Travel-time versus Distance Curves

19. P-wave reflected from Core-Mantle Boundary PcP

20. Fast Slow

21. Fast

23. Slow Fast

24. “Moho” Andrija Mohorovicic Zagreb Seismological Observatory 1909

26. “Moho” Andrija Mohorovicic Zagreb Seismological Observatory 1909

27. Inner Core discovered by Inge Lehmann in 1936 Copenhagen Seismological Observatory

28. Inner Core discovered by Inge Lehmann in 1936 Copenhagen Seismological Observatory

30. Low Velocity Zone in Upper Mantle

31. Low Velocity Zone = Asthenosphere of Plate Tectonics

32. Mechanism of Plate Tectonics

33. Crust 6-7 km/sec Mantle 8-13 km/sec Outer Core 8-10 km/sec Inner Core 10-11 km/sec P-wave Velocities

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