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The Atlantic World
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“The Atlantic World” Outline
Spanish and Portuguese in Central/South America Christopher Columbus Spanish & Portuguese Explorers Conquistadors in Mexico Conquistadors in South America Conquistadors in North America Spanish Pattern of Conques Portuguese in Brazil Other Europeans in North America New France New England New Netherlands Conflict in the Colonies (Europe) Conflict in the Colonies (Natives) The Atlantic Slave Trade Causes of Slavery Spread of Slavery The Slave Trade Slavery in the Americas The Columbian Exchange New Markets, New Goods Global Trade The Rise of Mercantilism
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Spanish & Portuguese in the Americas: Christopher Columbus
Born in Genoa, Italy (1451 – 1506) Calculated the globe to be smaller than it actually was Thought he could sail West to India faster than he could sail around Africa to India Convinced King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to fund a voyage West October 1492 – Reached Bahamas Ferdinand and Isabella would fund 3 more voyages, hoping to turn the islands into colonies, or lands controlled by a parent nation
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Spanish and Portuguese Explorers
Portugal 1500 – Pedro Alvares Cabral Claimed Brazil for Portugal 1501 – Amerigo Vespucci Mapmaker; Claimed the New World was not part of Asia Spain 1510 – Vasco Balboa First to reach Pacific 1519 – Hernando Cortes 1519 – Ferdinand Magellan First to circumnavigate the globe 1530 – Francisco Pizarro
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Conquistadors in Mexico
Spanish explorers of the New World Cortes and the Aztecs Hernando Cortes – Arrived in the New World in 1504 (19 years old) Quickly rose in rank for Spain 1518 – Ordered to march to interior of Mexico and prepare for colonization Hearing of their gold, he wants to take down Aztec Throughout the march, Cortes creates alliances with other native groups that oppose the Aztec Late 1519 – Cortes meets Aztecs, their leader Moctezuma Demands force Aztec to rebel against Spanish 1521 – After three years of marching, creating allies, and fighting, Cortes takes Aztec Empire
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Conquistadors in South America
Pizarro and the Inca Francisco Pizarro – Ordered to march into South America in 1532 With the help of other natives, Pizarro conquered Inca Waited in ambush for Incan leader, Atahualpa, and his crew who thought they were coming to a meeting Slaughtered thousands of unarmed, and kidnapped Atahualpa Would later strangle Atahualpa despite promising to return him for gold
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Conquistadors in North America
Juan Ponce de Leon Spaniard that searched Florida for gold Legend associates him with “Fountain of Youth,” but is untrue Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Searched modern day Southwestern U.S. for gold Would bring Catholicism to region
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Spanish Pattern of Conquest
The Process Colonies funded by the monarchy Lived among Native Americans, imposing the Spanish culture Spanish colonizers were known as peninsulares Most peninsulares were men Peninsulares would marry natives, having children known as mestizos Spanish also used natives as a source of slave labor through encomienda system
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Portuguese in Brazil Pedro Alvares Cabral
Sailed to the New World in search of lands for Portugal Reached the shores of modern-day Brazil in 1500 Colonists began to search for gold in the 1530s With no luck finding gold, colonists cleared forests to make room for sugar plantations Continued to move deeper into Brazil to create room for plantations
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Exit Slip Who did Christopher Columbus have to convince to fund his voyage west? In 3 steps, describe the Spanish pattern of conquest. Which countries employed the following explorers: Hernando Cortes, Francisco Pizarro, Pedro Cabral
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Other Europeans in North America: New France
French also in search of the East Indies (Spice Trade) Samuel de Champlain – Founded Quebec, which would become the base of New France French followed fur trade all the way down the Mississippi Sieur de La Salle – Explored and claimed the lower Mississippi (Louisiana) French more interested in trade than occupying territories
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New England 1607 – 3 ships and 100 settlers reach North America
Create Jamestown – First permanent English settlement in North America Struggles due to starvation, cold weather, lack of work John Smith steps up and saves the colony 1620 – Pilgrims, or religious separatists from the Church of England arrive Create Plymouth – Second permanent English settlement in North America Followed by Puritans that wanted to remain with the Church of England, but purify it
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New Netherlands 1609 – Henry Hudson, searching for a trade route to East Indies, finds Hudson River, Hudson Bay, and Hudson Strait 1621 – Dutch colonize the area and name it New Netherlands Opened their doors to ANYONE in an effort to lure settlers to occupy region Afraid the British may try to take their land
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Conflict in the Colonies (Europe)
English vs Dutch New Netherland separated English colonies 1664 – Charles II gives permission to Duke of York (James II) to take territory Would become New York English vs French 1754 – French and Indian War would spark due to English and French land disputes Also known as Seven Years’ War British would win, gaining all French holdings in North America
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Conflict in the Colonies (Natives)
Dutch and French had cooperated with Natives, mainly for trade English were opposite – Wanted them out English had been warring with Natives since 1620s Complete ownership of the Americas would make this worse 1675 – King Philip’s War Native leader Metacom (known as King Philip) led attacks and massacred hundreds in New England Colonists would end up victorious but at a huge cost
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Exit Slip What were the motivations of the following European nations when exploring the Americas: France England Netherlands Give an example of European vs European aggression in the colonies Give an example of European vs Native aggression in the colonies
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Atlantic Slave Trade: Causes of Slavery
Indentured servant shortage in the Americas Couldn’t get Native Americans to work Skin color made Africans unique Had built immunities to European diseases over the years of contact Did not know New World enough to try to escape Knew how to farm/Could be easily taught Buying and selling of African slaves became known as the Atlantic Slave Trade
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Spread of Slavery Began with Spain and Portugal in Central and South America Beginning in 1690s, England dominates the trade Over 120 years, transports 1.7 million African rulers actively participated Traded African slaves for gold, guns, and other goods Forced African tribes to move further inland to Africa
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The Slave Trade Part of the Triangular Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas Americas sent raw materials to Europe Europe sent manufactured goods to Africa Africa sent slaves to the Americas Middle Passage was the deadly route from Africa to the Americas 20% of slaves died on this journey
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Slavery in the Americas
Upon arrival, Africans were auctioned to highest bidder Families often split, never to see each other again Little food, clothing and a life of labor awaited Africans still held on to some customs Music, dance, stories
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The Columbian Exchange: New Markets, New Goods
Columbian Exchange included in triangular trade and middle passage Goods traded between the Old World and the New World Americas sent tomatoes, tobacco, cocoa, potatoes, corn, etc. Old World sent horse, bees, bananas, sugar cane, etc. Also saw exposure to disease Deaths of millions of Native Americans Exposure of ideas and religion
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Global Trade Columbian Exchange helps lead to a global trade system
Capitalism, or an economic system based on private ownership, emerged Europeans worked for themselves, not the state Able to create and control their own $$$ Joint-Stock Companies become popular Companies banding together to create colonies in the New World Able to make profit off of raw materials in colonies
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The Rise of Mercantilism
Mercantilism - A country’s power relies on its wealth More $$$ = More power Desire for wealth made countries want a favorable balance of trade What is “favorable”? Countries wanted trade that would benefit THEM Example – Colonies provided favorable balance of trade to Britain
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