1. WILLIAM KOJO AGYEMANG-BONSU UNFCCC FOCAL POINT/CDM-DNA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GHANA Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations in the Context of the On-going UNFCCC Negotiations as it Relates to Development and Transfer of Technologies At the Special Session of the African Partnership Forum (APF) on Climate Change, 3 September 2009 UNECA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2. Outline of Presentation Background on Development and Transfer of Technologies under UNFCCC and KP Background on Development and Transfer of Technologies under UNFCCC and KP Development and Transfer of Technologies (DTT) under the Bali Action Plan Development and Transfer of Technologies (DTT) under the Bali Action Plan Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations Ideas for Africa Joint Action Plan for Technology Development and Transfer after Copenhagen Ideas for Africa Joint Action Plan for Technology Development and Transfer after Copenhagen Conclusions Conclusions

3. Background The UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol recognize the need for development and transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries, The UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol recognize the need for development and transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries, For the purposes of enabling these countries to achieve advancement in their development whilst limiting their greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change. For the purposes of enabling these countries to achieve advancement in their development whilst limiting their greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change.

4. Background The Article 4.1 (c) of the UNFCCC commits all Parties to the Convention to promote and cooperate in the development, application and diffusion, including transfer of technologies, practices and processes that control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in all relevant sectors, including the energy transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management sectors. The Article 4.1 (c) of the UNFCCC commits all Parties to the Convention to promote and cooperate in the development, application and diffusion, including transfer of technologies, practices and processes that control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in all relevant sectors, including the energy transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management sectors.

5. Background Article 4.5 commits the developed country Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the Convention to “take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of or access to, environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other Parties, particularly developing country Parties to enable them implement the provisions of the Convention….” Article 4.5 commits the developed country Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the Convention to “take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of or access to, environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other Parties, particularly developing country Parties to enable them implement the provisions of the Convention….”

6. Background Article 4.7 states that “the extent to which developing countries will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources (Article 3.1) and transfer of technology (Article 4.5) and will take fully into account that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties”. Article 4.7 states that “the extent to which developing countries will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources (Article 3.1) and transfer of technology (Article 4.5) and will take fully into account that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties”.

7. Background The Article 3.14 of the KP on commitments, acknowledges the need to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change on developing countries and notes among the “issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding, insurance and technology transfer”. The Article 3.14 of the KP on commitments, acknowledges the need to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change on developing countries and notes among the “issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding, insurance and technology transfer”. Article 10.6(b) of KP recognises that adaptation technologies would improve adaptation to climate change. Article 10.6(b) of KP recognises that adaptation technologies would improve adaptation to climate change.

8. Background Article 10.6 (c) of KP commits Parties to “cooperate in the promotion of effective modalities for the development, application and diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance practices and processes pertinent to climate change, in particular to developing countries including the formulation of policies and programmes for the effective transfer of environmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or in the public domain and the creation of enabling environment for the private sector, to promote and enhance the transfer of and access to, environmentally sound technologies. Article 10.6 (c) of KP commits Parties to “cooperate in the promotion of effective modalities for the development, application and diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance practices and processes pertinent to climate change, in particular to developing countries including the formulation of policies and programmes for the effective transfer of environmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or in the public domain and the creation of enabling environment for the private sector, to promote and enhance the transfer of and access to, environmentally sound technologies.

9. Background Furthermore, Article 11.1 (b) of the KP commits developed countries Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the Convention to “provide financial resources, including the transfer of technology, needed by developing countries to meet the agreed full incremental costs of advancing the implementation of existing commitments under Article 4.1 of the Convention Furthermore, Article 11.1 (b) of the KP commits developed countries Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the Convention to “provide financial resources, including the transfer of technology, needed by developing countries to meet the agreed full incremental costs of advancing the implementation of existing commitments under Article 4.1 of the Convention

10. DTT under the Bali Action Plan (BAP) Decision 1/CP.13 - the BAP rightly recognizes again that development and transfer of technologies to developing countries as one of the means to support implementation of actions on mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Decision 1/CP.13 - the BAP rightly recognizes again that development and transfer of technologies to developing countries as one of the means to support implementation of actions on mitigation and adaptation to climate change. DTT is now one of the four major building blocks to be discussed and agreed upon in Copenhagen. DTT is now one of the four major building blocks to be discussed and agreed upon in Copenhagen.

11. Key issues under the Bali Action Plan on Development and Transfer of Technologies Effectiveness of tools & mechanisms for technology co-operation Effectiveness of tools & mechanisms for technology co-operation Removal of barriers to promoting technology transfer including: Removal of barriers to promoting technology transfer including: Financing Financing Intellectual property rights Intellectual property rights Tariffs and non-tariffs Tariffs and non-tariffs Capacity building Capacity building Ways to accelerate deployment, diffusion and transfer of technologies Ways to accelerate deployment, diffusion and transfer of technologies Co-operation on research and development Co-operation on research and development

12. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations The creation of an international framework agreement for technology development and transfer that addresses both technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation, in order to boost the effectiveness in innovation and investment required in Africa to address climate change. The creation of an international framework agreement for technology development and transfer that addresses both technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation, in order to boost the effectiveness in innovation and investment required in Africa to address climate change.

13. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations This DTT mechanism of framework agreement should: This DTT mechanism of framework agreement should: Be informed by the shared vision for long-term cooperative action, including a long-term global goal for emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and the urgent need for adaptation to the impacts of climate change Be informed by the shared vision for long-term cooperative action, including a long-term global goal for emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and the urgent need for adaptation to the impacts of climate change Include an incentive package to scale up of development and transfer of technology to Africa in order to promote access to affordable environmentally sound technologies through creation of additional value and crediting for participation in technology development, deployment, diffusion and transfer for greenhouse emissions reduction and enhanced resilience to impacts of climate change Include an incentive package to scale up of development and transfer of technology to Africa in order to promote access to affordable environmentally sound technologies through creation of additional value and crediting for participation in technology development, deployment, diffusion and transfer for greenhouse emissions reduction and enhanced resilience to impacts of climate change

14. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations Incorporate an institutional mechanism and tools for supporting, supervising, monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of agreed actions on technology development and transfer; Incorporate an institutional mechanism and tools for supporting, supervising, monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of agreed actions on technology development and transfer; Provide for a compliance and enforcement regime for development and transfer of technologies linked to quantified emissions reduction and limitation commitments and increased resilience of communities and ecosystems to the impact of climate change Provide for a compliance and enforcement regime for development and transfer of technologies linked to quantified emissions reduction and limitation commitments and increased resilience of communities and ecosystems to the impact of climate change Support capacity development in Africa for mitigation and adaptation technology development, adoption, deployment, diffusion and transfer including, inter alia, support for national systems of innovation and sub-regional and regional centres of excellence Support capacity development in Africa for mitigation and adaptation technology development, adoption, deployment, diffusion and transfer including, inter alia, support for national systems of innovation and sub-regional and regional centres of excellence

15. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations Ensure improved access to new and additional, adequate, predictable, appropriate, equitable and sustainable public-sector financial resources and investments to support mitigation and adaptation technology development and transfer as well as technology cooperation in research and development Ensure improved access to new and additional, adequate, predictable, appropriate, equitable and sustainable public-sector financial resources and investments to support mitigation and adaptation technology development and transfer as well as technology cooperation in research and development Promote substantial private-sector participation, finance and investments in technologies for mitigation and adaptation Promote substantial private-sector participation, finance and investments in technologies for mitigation and adaptation Ensure favourable intellectual property rights regime that guarantees access to and use of climate friendly technologies Ensure favourable intellectual property rights regime that guarantees access to and use of climate friendly technologies

16. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations  Ensure access to technology information, including in particular the costs and performance of technologies Provide for international programme for joint or collaborative research, demonstration and early stage deployment of technologies Provide for international programme for joint or collaborative research, demonstration and early stage deployment of technologies Provide guidance on national/domestic government policies needed to, notably creating a higher level of long-term policy certainty Provide guidance on national/domestic government policies needed to, notably creating a higher level of long-term policy certainty (a) over future demands for low greenhouse gas emitting technologies, upon which the private sector including the industry’s decision makers can rely, and (a) over future demands for low greenhouse gas emitting technologies, upon which the private sector including the industry’s decision makers can rely, and (b) for private financing of technologies for adaptation. (b) for private financing of technologies for adaptation.

17. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations Pay specific attention to the technology needs of (a) major emerging and big economies, (b) emerging but small developing economies, and (c) least developed countries, and (d) small island developing states in Africa Pay specific attention to the technology needs of (a) major emerging and big economies, (b) emerging but small developing economies, and (c) least developed countries, and (d) small island developing states in Africa Promote and finance North-South, South- South and triangular cooperation Promote and finance North-South, South- South and triangular cooperation Support mechanism for early action on sector specific technology innovation, development, demonstration, massive deployment and transfer. Support mechanism for early action on sector specific technology innovation, development, demonstration, massive deployment and transfer.

18. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations Technology Development and Transfer Aspects of the Shared Vision Technology Development and Transfer Aspects of the Shared Vision A medium to long-term vision for the entire technology cycle from innovation through to application and transfer be guided and driven by medium to long-term global goal based on: A medium to long-term vision for the entire technology cycle from innovation through to application and transfer be guided and driven by medium to long-term global goal based on: Level of emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention Level of emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention Quantum of technology development, deployment and diffusion required Quantum of technology development, deployment and diffusion required Urgent need for adapting to the impacts of climate change Urgent need for adapting to the impacts of climate change Level of finance and investment required Level of finance and investment required Extent of sectoral coverage, and Extent of sectoral coverage, and Level of participation by all technology development and transfer actors Level of participation by all technology development and transfer actors

19. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations Incentive Package for Added Value and Crediting Incentive Package for Added Value and Crediting In order to promote access to and use of affordable environmentally sound technologies there is the need to create additional value and crediting for participation in technology development, deployment, diffusion and transfer. International mechanism could be put in place to assess and include an incentive package to scale up the development and transfer of technology to developing country Parties. In order to promote access to and use of affordable environmentally sound technologies there is the need to create additional value and crediting for participation in technology development, deployment, diffusion and transfer. International mechanism could be put in place to assess and include an incentive package to scale up the development and transfer of technology to developing country Parties. The international mechanism could lead to rewards/credits for participation in development and transfer climate friendly technologies through a link with Parties commitment in terms of quantified emission limitation and reduction obligations. The international mechanism could lead to rewards/credits for participation in development and transfer climate friendly technologies through a link with Parties commitment in terms of quantified emission limitation and reduction obligations. Promoting and providing direct incentives for technology programmes such as supporting international technology cooperative development networks, national policies/actions, certify credits for special and priority technology programmes, and managing long-term regulatory risk. Promoting and providing direct incentives for technology programmes such as supporting international technology cooperative development networks, national policies/actions, certify credits for special and priority technology programmes, and managing long-term regulatory risk.

20. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations New Institutional and Financial Mechanisms for a DTT  The new mechanisms to operate under the authority and guidance of the COP and be accountable to it. It shall aim to achieve: Accessibility, affordability, appropriateness and adaptability of technologies required by developing countries for enhanced action on mitigation and adaptation; Accessibility, affordability, appropriateness and adaptability of technologies required by developing countries for enhanced action on mitigation and adaptation; Provision of full costs and full incremental costs, as per Article 4.3 of the Convention; Provision of full costs and full incremental costs, as per Article 4.3 of the Convention; Adequacy and predictability of funds for technology development and transfer; Adequacy and predictability of funds for technology development and transfer; Removal of barriers for technology development and transfer Removal of barriers for technology development and transfer

21. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations Institutional Mechanism – Executive Body comprising and be supported by: Strategic Planning Committee to: develop strategy; provide regular guidance; assess and elaborate technology-related matters; continuously evaluate progress; and develop updates for the Technology Action Plan, Strategic Planning Committee to: develop strategy; provide regular guidance; assess and elaborate technology-related matters; continuously evaluate progress; and develop updates for the Technology Action Plan, Technical Panels to generate and compile current expert information related to: capacity building; policies and measures; intellectual property cooperation; sectoral, cross-sectoral, and cross cutting cooperation; assessment, monitoring and compliance; and other necessary topics. Technical Panels to generate and compile current expert information related to: capacity building; policies and measures; intellectual property cooperation; sectoral, cross-sectoral, and cross cutting cooperation; assessment, monitoring and compliance; and other necessary topics. Verification Group to verify the financial and technological contributions made to the mechanism in accordance with the overall “measurable, reportable, verifiable” requirement of Decision 1/CP.13. Verification Group to verify the financial and technological contributions made to the mechanism in accordance with the overall “measurable, reportable, verifiable” requirement of Decision 1/CP.13. Secretariat to support and facilitate the activities of the Executive Body. Secretariat to support and facilitate the activities of the Executive Body.

22. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations Multilateral Technology Action Plan Overseen by the Executive Body for DTT Overseen by the Executive Body for DTT The Technology Action Plan should define specific policies, actions, and funding requirements for Africa for all relevant technologies under the following classifications: (a) Public domain technologies, (b) Patented technologies, (c) Future technologies. The Technology Action Plan should define specific policies, actions, and funding requirements for Africa for all relevant technologies under the following classifications: (a) Public domain technologies, (b) Patented technologies, (c) Future technologies. The Action Plan should support the establishment of national, sub-regional and regional technology centers of excellence Africa and should reinforce north-south, south-south in and triangular cooperation, including joint research and development. The Action Plan should support the establishment of national, sub-regional and regional technology centers of excellence Africa and should reinforce north-south, south-south in and triangular cooperation, including joint research and development.

23. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations Financial Mechanism - Multilateral Climate Technology Fund (MCTF) This fund will provide technology-related financial requirements as determined by the Executive Body and will operate under the COP This fund will provide technology-related financial requirements as determined by the Executive Body and will operate under the COP The MCTF shall be financed, among others, by assessed contributions from Annex II Parties. Contributions to the mechanism shall be additional to other financial transfers to non-Annex I Parties and shall meet the costs incurred by such Parties. The MCTF shall be financed, among others, by assessed contributions from Annex II Parties. Contributions to the mechanism shall be additional to other financial transfers to non-Annex I Parties and shall meet the costs incurred by such Parties. An agreed proportion of contributions by developed country Parties and other Parties included in Annex II of the Convention to bilateral and regional co-operation may be considered as contributions to the MCTF, provided that such co-operation is consistent with the policies and scope of the mechanism. An agreed proportion of contributions by developed country Parties and other Parties included in Annex II of the Convention to bilateral and regional co-operation may be considered as contributions to the MCTF, provided that such co-operation is consistent with the policies and scope of the mechanism.

24. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations Financial Mechanism - Multilateral Climate Technology Fund (MCTF) Financial transfers to the MCTF shall be counted as measurable, reportable and verifiable commitments under para 1.b(ii) of the Bali Action Plan. Any funding not under the authority and guidance of the UNFCCC shall not be regarded as the fulfillment of commitments by developed countries under Art. 4.3 of the Convention or decision 1/CP.13. Financial transfers to the MCTF shall be counted as measurable, reportable and verifiable commitments under para 1.b(ii) of the Bali Action Plan. Any funding not under the authority and guidance of the UNFCCC shall not be regarded as the fulfillment of commitments by developed countries under Art. 4.3 of the Convention or decision 1/CP.13. The MCTF shall cover, inter alia, eligible costs of activities approved by the Executive Body; administrative costs of the Executive Body, Secretariat, and Trustee or Trustees; and costs associated with other specific decisions of the Conference of the Parties. The MCTF shall cover, inter alia, eligible costs of activities approved by the Executive Body; administrative costs of the Executive Body, Secretariat, and Trustee or Trustees; and costs associated with other specific decisions of the Conference of the Parties.

25. Africa’s Key Concerns and Expectations Financial Mechanism - Multilateral Climate Technology Fund (MCTF) In the context of the enhanced multilateral financial mechanism proposed by the Group of 77 & China, the MCTF shall be managed by a Trustee or Trustees, selected through a process of open bidding, who shall have fiduciary responsibility and administrative competence to manage the MCTF, and shall hold in trust, the funds, assets, and receipts that constitute the fund, and shall comply with the principles and modalities for their management and disbursement as stipulated by the Conference of the Parties. In the context of the enhanced multilateral financial mechanism proposed by the Group of 77 & China, the MCTF shall be managed by a Trustee or Trustees, selected through a process of open bidding, who shall have fiduciary responsibility and administrative competence to manage the MCTF, and shall hold in trust, the funds, assets, and receipts that constitute the fund, and shall comply with the principles and modalities for their management and disbursement as stipulated by the Conference of the Parties.

26. Ideas for Africa Joint Action Plan for Technology Development and Transfer after Copenhagen 1. Action plan for Technology development, deployment, diffusion and transfer for mitigation and adaptation in Africa Development of Africa-wide legal frameworks Development of Africa-wide legal frameworks Institutional Arrangements Institutional Arrangements For example, formation of Africa Technical Expert Panel on DTT (TOR to be developed, but should include identification and development of bankable sector-wide projects across member states) For example, formation of Africa Technical Expert Panel on DTT (TOR to be developed, but should include identification and development of bankable sector-wide projects across member states) Technology Development and Transfer Capacity development strategy Technology Development and Transfer Capacity development strategy Development of a marshal plan including partnership/collaboration platforms, private sector engagement and monitoring and evaluation schemes Development of a marshal plan including partnership/collaboration platforms, private sector engagement and monitoring and evaluation schemes Funding mechanisms Funding mechanisms

27. Ideas for Africa Joint Action Plan for Technology Development and Transfer after Copenhagen 2. Support mechanism for policy formulation including international negotiations Development of technical papers by experts within the sub-region, may be by Africa Technical Expert Panel on DTT Development of technical papers by experts within the sub-region, may be by Africa Technical Expert Panel on DTT Assist member countries to develop the necessary “pull” mechanisms or enabling environment Assist member countries to develop the necessary “pull” mechanisms or enabling environment Support harmonization of national and sub-regional DTT policy frameworks Support harmonization of national and sub-regional DTT policy frameworks Support and develop regional positions on DTT Support and develop regional positions on DTT

28. Conclusion There is substantial financing gap for the required scaling up of technologies for both mitigation and adaptation in Africa which must be met under the current UNFCCC negotiations There is substantial financing gap for the required scaling up of technologies for both mitigation and adaptation in Africa which must be met under the current UNFCCC negotiations Incentives mechanisms for the private sector must be appropriately incorporated in the ongoing UNFCCC technology development and transfer negotiations with specific focus on Africa to allow for private sector investment in Africa Incentives mechanisms for the private sector must be appropriately incorporated in the ongoing UNFCCC technology development and transfer negotiations with specific focus on Africa to allow for private sector investment in Africa Africa has the greatest potential for all of the most favoured technologies (wind, solar, biofuels, etc.) and must be supported to develop and use these technologies Africa has the greatest potential for all of the most favoured technologies (wind, solar, biofuels, etc.) and must be supported to develop and use these technologies

29. Conclusion Existing indigenous adaptation technologies in Africa need to be supported by documenting, scaling-up and diffusing them Existing indigenous adaptation technologies in Africa need to be supported by documenting, scaling-up and diffusing them There must be specific focus for enhanced support for Africa in developing its capacities at national, sub-regional and regional levels for technology research and development for both mitigation and adaptation There must be specific focus for enhanced support for Africa in developing its capacities at national, sub-regional and regional levels for technology research and development for both mitigation and adaptation

30. Thank You CONTACT DETAILS: wkabonsu@gmail.com wbonsu@4u.com.gh wbonsu@epaghana.org