1. Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display AP Images/Pat Roque

2. What Is Aggression? Aggression Physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm Hostile Aggression Aggression that springs from anger; its goal is to injure Instrumental Aggression Aggression that is a means to some other end Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. What Are Some Theories of Aggression? Aggression as a Biological Phenomenon Instinct theory and evolutionary psychology Innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species Neural influences Abnormal brains can contribute to abnormally aggressive behavior Genetic Influences Heredity influences the neural system’s sensitivity to aggressive cues Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4. What Are Some Theories of Aggression? Aggression as a Biological Phenomenon Biochemical influences Testosterone Poor diet Biology and behavior interact Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5. What Are Some Theories of Aggression? Aggression as a Response to Frustration Frustration Blocking of goal-directed behavior Frustration-aggression theory Theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress Displacement Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6. What Are Some Theories of Aggression? Frustration-Aggression Theory Revised Original theory overstated the frustration-aggression connection Frustration produces anger, an emotional readiness to aggress Theory is designed to explain hostile aggression, not instrumental aggression Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7. What Are Some Theories of Aggression? Aggression as a Response to Frustration Relative Deprivation Perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself Explains why happiness tends to be lower and crime rates higher in communities and nations with large income inequality Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8. What Are Some Theories of Aggression? Aggression as Learned Social Behavior Rewards of Aggression Through experience and by observing others, we learn that aggression often pays Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

9. What Are Some Theories of Aggression? Observational Learning Social learning theory We learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished Family Culture Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

10. What Are Some Influences on Aggression? Aversive Incidents Pain Heat Attacks Includes insults Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11. What Are Some Influences on Aggression? Arousal A given state of bodily arousal feeds one emotion or another, depending on how the person interprets and labels the arousal Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

12. What Are Some Influences on Aggression? Aggression Cues Violence is more likely when aggressive cues release pent-up anger Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

13. What Are Some Influences on Aggression? Media Influences: Pornography and Sexual Violence Distorted Perceptions of Sexual Reality Studies confirm that exposure to pornography increases acceptance of the rape myth Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

14. What Are Some Influences on Aggression? Media Influences: Pornography and Sexual Violence Distorted Perceptions of Sexual Reality Aggression Against Women Studies suggest that the exposure to violent pornography increase punitive behavior toward women Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

15. What Are Some Influences on Aggression? Media Influences: Television and the Internet Media’s Effects on Behavior Correlating Media Viewing and Behavior Frequent result of correlating children’s TV viewing with aggressiveness is the more violent the content the more aggressive the child Extends to indirect aggression Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

16. What Are Some Influences on Aggression? Media Influences: Television and the Internet Media’s Effects on Behavior Violence Viewing Experiments Anderson (2003) and Coyne (2008) Showed college students and girls exposed to more violence led to an increase in viewer aggression Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17. What Are Some Influences on Aggression? Media Influences: Television and the Internet Media’s Effects on Behavior Why Does Media Viewing Affect Behavior? The arousal that it produces Viewing violence disinhibits Media portrayals evoke imitation Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

18. What Are Some Influences on Aggression? Media Influences: Television and the Internet Media’s Effects on Thinking Desensitization Social Scripts Culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations Altered Perceptions Media portrayals shape perceptions of reality Cognitive Priming Media portrayals prime thinking Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

19. What Are Some Influences on Aggression? Another Media Influence: Video Games Effects of Video Games Games are becoming more violent and sometimes include Carjacking Shooting Sex Murder Games that are rated “M” for mature are often marketed to those younger Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

20. What Are Some Influences on Aggression? Another Media Influence: Video Games Effects of the games kids play Increases aggressive behaviors Increases aggressive thoughts Increases aggressive feelings Habituation in the brain Greater likelihood of carrying a weapon Decreases in self-control and increases in antisocial behavior Decreases in helping others and in empathy for others Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

21. What Are Some Influences on Aggression? Group Influences Can amplify aggressive reactions partly by diffusing responsibility Increases with distance and number Social contagion Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

22. How Can Aggression Be Reduced? Catharsis? Contrary to the catharsis hypothesis, expressing aggression by catharsis tends to breed further aggression, not reduce it Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

23. How Can Aggression Be Reduced? A Social Learning Approach Controlling aggression by counteracting the factors that provoke it Reducing aversive stimulation Rewarding nonaggression Modeling nonaggression Eliciting reactions incompatible with aggression Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

24. How Can Aggression Be Reduced? Culture Change and World Violence Cultures can change Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.