1. What makes us smart? Or not so smart?
Intelligence
What makes us smart?
Or not so smart?

2. What is Intelligence? Intelligence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

3. Intelligence Test
A method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes & comparing them to those of others

4. History of Intelligence Tests
Sir Francis Galton:
1st proponent of the idea that one can quantitatively measure people’s mental abilities
19th century English Scientist/Mathematician

5. History of Intelligence Tests
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure out a concept called a mental age
the chronological age typical of a given level of performance.
They discovered that by discovering someone’s mental age they can predict future performance (in school, work and life).
Hoped they could use test to help children, not label them.

6. Terman and his IQ Test
Used Binet’s research about mental age to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test.
Mental Age
IQ = X 100
Chronological Age
A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ?
A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ?

7. Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
IQ = ma/ca x 100)
on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

8. Is Intelligence one general ability or several specific abilities. pg
Factor Analysis
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
General Intelligence (g)
factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities
measured by every task on an intelligence test

9. Charles Spearman and his G factor
Used factor analysis and discovered that what we see as many different skills is actually one General Intelligence.
If you are good at one subject you are usually good at many others.

10. Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Social Intelligence
the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence
ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

11. Robert Sternberg and his Triarchic Theory
Most commonly accepted theory today.
Focuses on only three types of intelligence
Analytical (problem solving)
Creative
Practical
P. 425
p.425

12. Is intelligence solely academic or does intelligences come in various forms?

13. Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences
Gardner believed that intelligences involves several distinct abilities and that intelligence is not just about academic abilities.
According to Gardner, there exists at least 8 different types of intelligences.

14. Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic-words
Logical-mathematical-reasoning
Spatial-images and pictures
Musical-rhythms and melodies
Body-kinesthetic-somatic sensations
Intrapersonal - self
Interpersonal – social, connections with others
Naturalist-nature
p.424

15. Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Savant Syndrome
condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
computation /calculation
Drawing
Musical memory
Leslie Lemke, Kim Peeke
and Alonzo Clemons

16. Hmmm…
Have you ever pondered how genetics and your environment shaped your intelligence and has contributed to your specific abilities?

17. Wechsler Tests
More common way to give Intelligence tests….does not use the formula but uses the same scoring system.
WAIS – adults
WISC - children
Pg. 433

18. Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information
Similarities
Arithmetic Reasoning
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Digit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion
Picture Arrangement
Block Design
Object Assembly
Digit-Symbol Substitution

19. Types of Tests Aptitude Achievement Measure ability or potential.
Tests that measure what you have learned.
p.432

20. How do we construct an Intelligence Test?
Standardization: the questions have been piloted on similar populations and the scores fall on a normal distribution.
Reliable: The extent to which a test yields consistent results.
Validity: The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
p. 435

21. The Dynamics of Intelligence low extremes
Mental Retardation
a condition of limited mental ability
indicated by an intelligence score below 70
produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome
retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup

22. The Dynamics of Intelligence

23. Genetic Influences
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

24. Does Intelligence Change Over Time?
By age 3, a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores.
By age 7, scores begin to stabilize.

25. Environmental Influences
The Schooling Effect

26. Eugenics
Attempts to improve human genetics by encouraging breeding among intellectually superior people

27. Eugenics

28. Testing Bias?

29. Testing Bias?

30. Goleman and his EQ Emotional Intelligence
Interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences.
Maybe EQ is a better predictor for future success than IQ.

31. Modern Intelligence Tests

32. The Normal Curve

33. The Flynn Effect