1. Principals of Radar

2. F-11-4-4

3. NWS Radar Characteristics 28 foot dish Pulse Width 0.95° Peak Power 750kW –Avg. Power 1.5kW Discrete Pulse Transmissions Pulse length: –1.5 µsec.; or about 250 meters(0.13 nm). Pulse volume is 250 meters by 1 degree in azimuth. Radar Range: –Reflectivity = 248 nm –Velocity = 124 nm Volume Coverage Patterns (Clear Air vs. Precipitation Mode) –10 minutes vs 5 minutes Doppler and Surveillance Channels 3 Base Data Products –Reflectivity –Velocity –Spectrum Width

4. RADAR PRODUCT GENERATOR (RPG) RADAR DATA ACQUISITION UNIT (RDA) F-11-4-5

5. BACKSCATTERED ENERGY TARGET BACKSCATTERED ENERGY TRANSMITTED PULSE RADAR F-11-4-14

6. REFLECTIVITY LARGER PARTICLES - HIGHER REFLECTIVITY SMALLER PARTICLES - LOWER REFLECTIVITY F-11-4-37

7. 15 TO 29LIGHT 30 TO 39MODERATE 40 TO 44HEAVY 45 TO 49VERY HEAVY 50 TO 54INTENSE 55 AND ABOVEEXTREME WSR-88D DBZ RANGES (I.E., REFLECTIVITY) PRECIPITATION INTENSITY F-11-4-38

8. VOLUME COVERAGE PATTERN F-11-4-49

9. VOLUME COVERAGE PATTERN (VCP) 11 F-11-4-50 19.514.510.05.3 4.3 3.4 2.4 1.5 0.5 0 20406080 100 120 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 HORIZONTAL RANGE (NM) HEIGHT (K FT) 6.216.78.712.07.5

10. 19.5 14.5 9.06.0 4.3 3.4 2.4 1.5 0.5 0 2040 6080100120 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 VOLUME COVERAGE PATTERN (VCP) 21 HORIZONTAL RANGE (NM) HEIGHT (K FT) F-11-4-51

11. F-11-4-52

12. 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 0 20 4060 80 100 120 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 VOLUME COVERAGE PATTERN (VCP) 31 AND 32 HORIZONTAL RANGE (NM) HEIGHT (K FT) F-11-4-53

13. F-11-4-54

14. CREATING COMPOSITE REFLECTIVITY F-11-4-61

15. 15 40 50 30 THE DISPLAYED VALUE ON THE COMPOSITE REFLECTIVITY IMAGE IS: 50 COMPOSITE REFLECTIVITY F-11-4-62

16. F-11-4-67

17. CONE OF SILENCE F-11-4-70 19.5º19.5°

18. CONE OF SILENCE F-11-4-71 19.514.510.05.3 4.3 3.4 2.4 1.5 0.5 0 20406080 100 120 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 HORIZONTAL RANGE (NM) HEIGHT (K FT) 6.216.78.712.07.5

19. Cone Of Silence F-11-4-72

20. F-11-4-73

21. F-11-4-79 ECHO TOP PRODUCT “STAIR-STEPPED” APPEARANCE ECHO TOP INDICATED ON PRODUCT ECHO

22. F-11-4-87 MAX K FT: 39

23. F-11-4-88

24. F-11-4-92

25. FREEZING LEVEL HIGH REFLECTIVITY BAND FORMATION OF BRIGHT BAND 0ºC F-11-4-97

26. F-11-4-98 BASE REFLECTIVITY - 0.5 DEGREESBASE REFLECTIVITY - 1.5 DEGREES BASE REFLECTIVITY - 2.4 DEGREESBASE REFLECTIVITY - 3.4 DEGREES 25NM 50NM

27. FREEZING LEVEL HIGH REFLECTIVITY BAND 0ºC 0.5° 1.5° 2.4° 3.5° F-11-4-99 BRIGHT BAND AND ELEVATION ANGLE

28. FINE LINE F-11-4-100

29. GROUND CLUTTER F-11-4-101

30. ANOMALOUS PROPAGATION (AP) F-11-4-102

31. HIGH REFLECTIVITY VALUES F-11-4-103

32. LOW ECHO TOPS F-11-4-104

33. F-11-4-184

34. F-11-4-185

35. F-11-4-187

37. BASE REFLECTIVITY 0.5 DEGREES DECEMBER 28TH, 1998 F-11-4-199

38. The End Questions???