2. Regular Expressions Section 1.3 (also 1.1, 1.2) CSC 4170 Theory of Computation

3. Regular operations 1.3.a Union: L1  L2 = {x | x  L1 or x  L2} {Good,Bad}  {Boy,Girl} = {0,00,000,…}  {1,11,111,…} = L  = Concatenation: L1  L2 = {xy | x  L1 and y  L2} {Good,Bad}  {Boy,Girl} = {0,00,000,…}  {1,11,111,…} = L   = Star: L * = {x 1 …x k | k  0 and each x i  L} {Boy,Girl} * = {0,00,000,…} * =  * =

4. Regular expressions 1.3.b We say that R is a regular expression (RE) iff R is one of the following: 1. a, where a is a symbol of the alphabet 2.  3.  4. (R1)  (R2), where R1 and R2 are RE 5. (R1)  (R2), where R1 and R2 are RE 6. (R1)*, where R1 is a RE What language is represented by the expression: {a} {  }  The union of the languages represented by R1 and R2 The concatenation of the languages represented by R1 and R2 The star of the language represented by R1 Conventions:  The symbol  is often omitted in RE  Some parentheses can be omitted. The precedence order for the operators is: * (highest),  (medium),  (lowest)

5. Regular languages 1.3.c A language is said to be regular iff it can be represented by a regular expression. Language Expression {11} {Boy, Girl, Good, Bad} { ,0,00,000,0000,…} {0,00,000,0000,…} { ,01,0101,010101,01010101,…} {x | x = 0 k where k is a multiple of 2 or 3} {x | x is divisible by 8} {x | x MOD 4 = 3}

6. Exercising reading regular expressions 1.3.d Expression Language 0*10* (Good  Bad)(Boy  Girl) (Tom  Bob)_is_(good  bad) {Name_is_adjective | Name is an uppercase letter followed by zero or more lowercase letters, and adjective is a lowercase letter followed by zero or more lowercase letters} (0  1)*101(0  1)* ( (0  1)(0  1) ) *

7. Regular languages and DFA-recognizable languages are the same 1.3.e Theorem 1.54* A language is regular if and only if some NFA (DFA) recognizes it. In other words, a) [The “only if” part] For every regular expression there is an NFA that recognizes exactly the language represented by that expression. b) [The “if” part] For every NFA there is a regular expression that represents exactly the language recognized by that NFA.

8. Constructing an NFA from a regular expression: Base cases 1.3.f Case of a, where a is a symbol of the alphabet. Case of  Case of 

9. Constructing an NFA from a regular expression: Case of union 1.3.g Case of (R1)  (R2), where R1 and R2 are RE First, construct NFAs N1 and N2 from R1 and R2: s1 N1 N2 s2 Then, combine them in the following way: s1 N1 N2 s2

10. Constructing an NFA from a regular expression: Case of concatenation 1.3.h Case of (R1)  (R2), where R1 and R2 are RE First, construct NFAs N1 and N2 from R1 and R2: N1 s2 N2 Then, combine them in the following way: N1 s2 N2 s1

11. Constructing an NFA from a regular expression: Case of star 1.3.i Case of (R1) *, where R1 is a RE First, construct an NFA N1 from R1: s1 N1 Then, extend it in the following way: s1 N1

12. Constructing an NFA from a regular expression: An example 1.3.j #(0  1)* (0  1)* # 0  1 0 1      0 1 # #011

13. GNFA 1.3.k great (great)* grand mother  father grand  g r e a t g r e a t g r e a t g r a n d f a t h e r  

14. About  -transitions 1.3.l great (great)* grand mother  father grand  Adding or removing  -transitions does not change the recognized language 

15. The same GNFA simplified 1.3.m great grand mother  father  

16. Ripping a state out 1.3.n mother  father grand (great)* 

17. Eliminating parallel transitions 1.3.o mother  father   (great)*grand

18. Again ripping out 1.3.p (   (great)*grand) (mother  father)

19. How, exactly, to do ripping out 1.3.q1 Assume, we are ripping out the state r from a GNFA that has no parallel transitions. Let L be the label of the loop from r to r (if there is no loop, then L=  ). L T R S

20. How, exactly, to do ripping out 1.3.q2 Assume, we are ripping out the state r from a GNFA that has no parallel transitions. Let L be the label of the loop from r to r (if there is no loop, then L=  ). 1. For every pair s 1,s 2 of states such that there is an E 1 -labeled transition from s 1 to r and an E 2 -labeled transition from r to s 2, add an R 1 L*R 2 -labeled transition from s 1 to s 2 ; L T R S RL*T SL*T

21. How, exactly, to do ripping out 1.3.q3 Assume, we are ripping out the state r from a GNFA that has no parallel transitions. Let L be the label of the loop from r to r (if there is no loop, then L=  ). 1. For every pair s 1,s 2 of states such that there is an E 1 -labeled transition from s 1 to r and an E 2 -labeled transition from r to s 2, add an R 1 L*R 2 -labeled transition from s 1 to s 2 ; 2. Delete r together with all its incoming and outgoing transitions. RL*T SL*T

22. How, exactly, to eliminate parallel transitions 1.3.r Whenever you see parallel transitions labeled with R1 and R2, Replace them by a transition labeled with R1  R2. R1 R2 R1  R2 Repeat until there are no parallel transitions remaining.

23. From NFA to RE 1.3.s a b b b

24. From NFA to RE: Step 1 1.3.t Step 1: If there are incoming arrows to the start state, or the start state is an accept state, then add a new start state and connect it with an  -arrow to the old start state. a b b b  a

25. From NFA to RE: Step 2 1.3.u a b b b  Step 2: If there are more than one, or no, accept states, or there is an accept state that has outgoing arrows, then add a new accept state, make all the old accept states non-accept states and connect each of them with an  -arrow to the new accept state.   a

26. From NFA to RE: Step 3 1.3.v a b b b    Step 3: Eliminate all parallel transitions. a

27. From NFA to RE: Step 4 1.3.w1 b b   Step 4: While there are internal states (states that are neither the start nor the accept state), do the following: Step 4.1: Select an internal state and rip it out; Step 4.2: Eliminate all parallel transitions. a b aa ab

28. From NFA to RE: Step 4 1.3.w2 b b  aa   Step 4: While there are internal states (states that are neither the start nor the accept state), do the following: Step 4.1: Select an internal state and rip it out; Step 4.2: Eliminate all parallel transitions. a b ab

29. From NFA to RE: Step 4 1.3.w3  Step 4: While there are internal states (states that are neither the start nor the accept state), do the following: Step 4.1: Select an internal state and rip it out; Step 4.2: Eliminate all parallel transitions. b a(b  aa)* b(b  aa)* b(b  aa)*ab a(b  aa)*ab

30. From NFA to RE: Step 4 1.3.w4 Step 4: While there are internal states (states that are neither the start nor the accept state), do the following: Step 4.1: Select an internal state and rip it out; Step 4.2: Eliminate all parallel transitions. a(b  aa)*   b(b  aa)* b(b  aa)*ab b  a(b  aa)*ab

31. From NFA to RE: Step 4 1.3.w5 Step 4: While there are internal states (states that are neither the start nor the accept state), do the following: Step 4.1: Select an internal state and rip it out; Step 4.2: Eliminate all parallel transitions. a(b  aa)* ( b  a(b  aa)*ab ) ( b(b  aa)*ab ) * (   b(b  aa)* )

32. From NFA to RE: Step 4 1.3.w6 Step 4: While there are internal states (states that are neither the start nor the accept state), do the following: Step 4.1: Select an internal state and rip it out; Step 4.2: Eliminate all parallel transitions. ( ( b  a(b  aa)*ab ) ( b(b  aa)*ab ) * (   b(b  aa)* )  ( a(b  aa)* )

33. From NFA to RE: Step 5 1.3.x Step 5: Return the label of the only remaining arrow (if there is no arrow, return  ). Claim: The resulting RE represents exactly the language recognized by the original NFA. This completes the proof of Theorem 1.54. ( ( b  a(b  aa)*ab ) ( b(b  aa)*ab ) * (   b(b  aa)* )  ( a(b  aa)* )