1. Education and Employment in Andhra Pradesh: Is there a reason to cheer? Presented to the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh by Nat. Council of Applied Economic Research Jubilee Hall, Hyderabad September 27, 2011

3. STARK DIFFERENTIALS between Rural, semi-urban and urban areas Unacceptably large difference between rural and urban areas in AP. So are differentials between semi-urban/urban periphery, towns and urban areas There is a problem in the definition of Poverty in AP where historically rural poverty is lower than urban poverty. Partly due to the presence of Muslims in peripheral urban areas Only recently this trend is reversed but the problem persists

4. STARK DIFFERENTIALS between Socio-Religious Communities The Muslims community is most deprived The deprivation gets compounded as they also live in deprived regions of AP Rayalaseema – Telangana, urban peripheries, Urban slums DOUBLE WHAMMY

5. Macro Economic Development of Andhra Pradesh

6. Triennium Average Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (PCNSDP) for Major States of India Constant 1999-2000 prices (Rs. in '000') Ending 2007- 08 Ending 2006-07 Ending 2001-02 Ending 1996-97Ending 1991-92 Ending 1986- 87 Ending 1981- 82 Ending 1976- 77 Ending 1971- 72 STATE 2007-08 (current prices) PC- NSDPRank PC- NSDPRank PC- NSDPRank PC- NSDPRank PC- NSDPRank PC- NSDPRank PC- NSDPRank PC- NSDPRank PC- NSDPRank Haryana 5936.3133.4124.4220.8219215.2212.7211.2210.82 Maharashtra 47.130.9228.8322.4319.5315.1311.6310.939.858.75 Kerala 43.130.5327.8420516.6612.6510.57 510.3410.23 Punjab 46.730.1428.8225.9122.8120.6117.5115112.8111.61 Himachal Pradesh 40.128.9527.4521.7416.6514.3411.2410.8410.4310.14 Gujarat 45.828.8626618.1717.2412710.669.477.898.17 Tamil Nadu 40.827.8725.6719.8616.3712.461089.188.378.46 Karnataka 36.324.1821.9817.4813.6911.1109 8.297.4107.39 Andhra Pradesh 35.624921.9916.41013.21011.298.3117.8117136.613 Uttarakhand 32.921.81020.51014.61113.78---------- West Bengal 32.121.81120.41116.5912.81110.3119.298.1107.987.88 Rajasthan 2417.312161213.51211.81310127.7136.8147.2117.211 Chhattisgarh 29.816.81315.31311.51511.314---------- Orissa 26.715.71414.31510.5179.3179138.2127.4127.1127.310 Assam 2215 14.41412.41312.21211.8811.259.869.666.3*14 Jharkhand 19.914.21613.31610.7169.516---------- Madhya Pradesh 18.1131712.51711.71410.2158.9147.6147.1137147.212 Uttar Pradesh 16.111.31810.8189.7189.3188.7157.4156.5156.1156.215 Bihar 11.17.9197.3196.1195.5196165.7164.8164.4164.316 Source: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Online Database, http://www.rbi.org.in/: Estimated by Abusaleh Shariff and Veerpal Kaurhttp://www.rbi.org.in/

7. Sector Specific NSDP and Respective Shares in Andhra Pradesh NSDP at Constant 2004-05 Prices (Rs in '000' Crores)Sectoral Shares in NSDP YearPri SectorSec SectorTer SectorNSDPPri SectorSec SectorTer Sector 1980-8128.57.221.757.449.612.537.9 1981-8232.68.223.664.450.612.736.7 1982-8331.58.824.564.948.613.637.8 1983-8433.58.825.667.949.413.037.7 1984-8530.29.326.165.746.014.239.8 1985-8629.89.629.068.543.614.142.3 1986-8727.39.630.167.040.714.344.9 1987-8829.211.234.174.539.215.045.8 1988-8937.112.438.087.642.414.243.4 1989-9038.113.841.393.240.814.944.3 1990-9136.916.543.396.838.117.144.8 1991-9237.917.346.5101.737.217.045.8 1992-9337.416.346.299.937.416.346.3 1993-9441.418.549.9109.737.716.845.5 1994-9540.821.653.2115.735.318.746.0 1995-9643.122.956.4122.435.218.746.1 1996-9745.724.360.3130.335.118.646.3 1997-9838.825.462.8127.030.620.049.4 1998-9947.826.867.8142.433.618.847.6 1999-0047.427.673.9149.031.818.549.6 2000-0153.727.979.8161.433.317.349.4 2001-0253.729.685.3168.631.917.550.6 2002-0349.633.891.0174.428.519.452.2 2003-0456.135.798.2190.029.518.851.7 2004-0558.137.9105.4201.328.818.852.3 2005-0661.442.1117.4220.927.819.053.1 2006-0765.047.3132.3244.626.619.354.1 2007-0875.551.1146.1272.727.718.753.6 2008-0975.653.6158.4287.726.318.655.1 2009-1076.857.4169.8304.025.218.955.9 Source:CSO, India.

8. Religious Diversity

9. %ge Distribution of Estimated Population by Religion – 2011 All ReligionsHindusMuslimsChristiansBuddhistsJainsSikhsReligion not stated Andhra Pradesh 10089.019.171.550.040.050.040.13 Telangana1 41.740.355.734.493.146.679.346.7 Telangana2 36.937.434.427.090.69.246.037.3 Hyderabad 4.72.921.37.42.437.433.39.4 Rangareddi 6.36.07.810.16.44.919.48.3 Nizamabad 3.02.94.71.35.71.05.93.2 Mahbubnagar 4.84.94.41.60.1 0.84.1 Medak 3.63.54.33.01.90.72.83.1 Adilabad 3.2 3.41.275.41.03.42.7 Karimnagar 4.54.73.01.70.40.26.23.4 Warangal 4.24.42.52.80.20.73.55.3 Nalgonda 4.14.32.42.70.2 2.53.7 Khammam 3.33.51.92.50.30.51.43.6 Costal Andhra 40.442.220.355.66.040.218.238.3 Guntur 5.85.66.911.00.66.71.87.7 Krishna 5.35.43.715.00.510.52.14.9 Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore 3.5 3.62.70.55.71.02.8 Prakasam 4.04.22.8 0.40.10.95.0 West Godavari 4.64.91.110.90.53.00.83.9 Visakhapatnam 5.15.51.05.32.94.09.04.8 East Godavari 6.16.61.05.60.58.41.54.4 Vizianagaram 2.83.10.21.20.11.70.62.6 Srikakulam 3.23.50.11.20.1 0.42.3 Royalaseema 17.917.424.510.21.511.14.815.4 Kurnool 4.84.48.53.50.44.60.84.3 Anantapur 4.8 5.61.80.72.71.23.7 Cuddapah 3.43.25.52.40.21.71.03.3 Chittoor 4.95.04.92.40.22.31.84.2

10. Region and District-wise Estimated Population by Religion in Andhra Pradesh – 2011 ( Lakhs) Name HindusMuslims PersonsMalesFemalesPersonsMalesFemales Andhra Pradesh 753.63 (89.0) 378.21 (89.0) 375.42 (89.1) 77.62 (9.2) 39.30 (9.3) 38.31 (9.1) Telangana1 303.80152.55150.7143.2122.3521.53 Telangana2 281.58141.72140.5426.7013.2512.97 Adilabad 24.2912.1212.172.611.311.30 Nizamabad 21.5810.5411.043.691.851.84 Karimnagar 35.5017.6617.842.331.171.16 Medak 26.5013.3013.203.371.711.65 Hyderabad 22.2211.4410.7816.518.527.99 Rangareddy 45.3823.2122.176.053.102.95 Mahbubnagar 36.7418.6018.143.421.731.69 Nalgonda 32.6116.4616.151.830.920.91 Warangal 32.8716.4916.381.920.96 Khammam 26.1112.9913.121.490.740.75 Costal Andhra 318.19159.21159.1615.757.797.76 Srikakulam 26.7313.2813.460.080.04 Vizianagaram 23.0711.4411.630.160.08 Visakhapatnam 41.2720.6020.670.800.410.39 East Godavari 49.9524.9325.010.740.37 West Godavari 37.0418.5018.540.820.41 Krishna 40.3320.2320.102.871.441.43 Guntur 41.9820.9821.005.342.662.68 Prakasam 31.3415.8315.512.171.091.08 Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore26.4813.3413.142.761.391.38 Royalaseema131.2366.0965.1819.049.579.43 Y.S.R.24.1912.2011.984.292.162.13 Kurnool33.3716.8316.546.563.313.25 Anantapur36.1718.3117.874.372.202.17 Chittoor37.5118.7418.773.821.921.90

11. Urban Muslim Concentrations in A P DISTRICTMunicipality/ Municipal Corporation Muslim Population 2001 CensusTotal Population 2001 CensusProportion of Muslims to Total Population in Towns/Cities Adilabad 36,0171,09,52932.88 Kagaznagar17,28059,73428.93 Bhainsa18,92841,33145.80 Nirmal25,82875,25434.32 Nizamabad Nizamabad MC1,00,2412,88,72234.72 Bodhan34,26071,52047.90 Kamareddy16,56164,49625.68 Karimnagar Koratla15,70454,01229.07 Medak Zahirabad21,31244,58947.80 Sadashivpet9,97236,33427.44 Sangareddy19,58057,11334.28 Rangareddy Tandur20,03657,94134.58 Mahbubnagar 51,2641,39,66236.70 Hyderabad/rr GHMC17,83,67354,58,04332.68 Kadapa (YSR) Kadapa MC60,1871,46,31141.14 Proddatur38,1191,50,30925.36 Rayachoti35,48172,29749.08 Kurnool Kurnool MC92,5132,69,12234.38 Adoni45,3091,62,45827.89 Nandyal50,7741,57,12032.31 Anantapur Guntakal29,3091,17,10325.03 Tadpatri24,32086,84328.00 Kadiri34,52576,25245.28 Hindupur41,6861,25,07433.33 Chittoor Madanapalle27,5421,07,44925.63 Punganur16,25344,31436.68

12. Socio-Religious Diversity Dominantly Hindu OBCs, farmers Followed by the Upper Caste Hindus and the SCs and STs Muslims are the largest minorities just about 10 % of State population Muslims dwell in relatively large proportions in Urban and urban Peripheral areas of Andhra Pradesh Concentration in Rayalaseema and Telangana

13. Source: Census 2001. * Share of OBCs are derived from 64th NSSO Round. Note: Telangana1 includes Hyderabad

14. RURAL AREAS Dynamics of Income Inequalities by Economic Class SRCs and Occupation

15. Source: Estimated from NCAER-Human Development Surveys, 1993-4 and 2004-5.

18. Income Inequality (Gini coefficient) by Rural SRCs RegionPeriodAll HCHs & Oth Minor SCs, STs & Muslims Hindu OBCs Andhra Pradesh 1993-94 0.420.470.340.37 2004-05 0.440.480.390.40 % change 61149 Telangana 1993-94 0.380.440.310.37 2004-05 0.480.530.450.35 % change 252143-6 Rayalaseema 1993-94 0.380.390.350.39 2004-05 0.430.400.390.42 % change 132 8 Costal Andhra 1993-94 0.470.520.310.33 2004-05 0.400.470.310.38 % change -15-1016 Source: Estimated from NCAER-Human Development Surveys, 1993-4 and 2004-5.

19. Monthly Per Capita Consumption Exp by Regions and Social Groups (2007-08) Region/ GroupAll GroupsSCsSTsOBCs Other Hindu s All Minori tiesMuslims AP 9717196808601484969892 Telangana 1 1025734 88918461101876 Telangana 2 8957107268361450898855 Andhra 10037595709021427934841 Rayalaseema 7885908037071099755937 Source: Estimates from NSSO’s 64th round survey, 2007-08. Note: Small sample size for Hyderabad

20. LITERACY AND HIGHER LEVEL EDUCATION POST SACHAR PERIOD!

21. Returns to Education At lower levels of education measured in mean years of schooling, such as in India High Returns Primary | Elementary | Matric RUPEE INCOME VERY HIGH FOR HIGHER LEVEL EDUCATION Higher level of Education is accessible to only a few Any more investment will benefit only those already benefited earlier

22. MARKET AND NON-MARKET RETRURNS Market Returns: Private Rupee Income increases - Daily wages, Contractual wages, Salaries Non-market Returns: ‘public good’ Human Development Value, Human Resources Child health, women empowerment, environmental gains, productivity gain in agriculture and informal sector

23. LITARACY 2009-10 INDIA | AP

24. MATRIC 2009-10 INDIA | AP

25. HIGHER LEVEL EDUCATION 2009-10 INDIA | AP

26. AP SCENARIO HIGHER LEVEL EDUCATION

27. PUZZLE AND CONTROVERSIAL ANY NEW INVESTMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN A.P WILL BENEFIT …… THOSE WHO ARE ALREADY BENEFITTED AND STUDENTS FROM OUTSIDE STATE BENEFIT TO THE EXCLUDED COMMUNITES IS MEAGER UNLESS AFFERMATIVE POLICIES ARE FORMULATED AND IMPLIMENTED IN EARNEST

28. Constitutional Provisions Preamble of the Indian Constitution, there is a resolve to secure to all citizens........ ‘equality of status and of opportunity’. Directs the government take proactive role to ensure equal opportunity The concepts of equality, equal access and equal opportunity are further elaborated in Article 14 (right to equality), Article 15 (access to education) and Article 16 (public employment); that ‘... State shall not discriminate.... on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth...’.

29. EDUCATIONL PROVISIONS The clause (4) of Article 15, states ‘Nothing.... shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Schedule Castes and the Scheduled Tribes’. Interestingly, the mention of ‘socially and economically backward classes’ (SEBC) in fact precedes that of the SCs and the STs. Clause (5) especially directs the State to make special provision by law for the advancement of the ‘socially and educationally backward classes’..... through admission to educational institutions including private, aided or unaided institutions excepting the minority education institutions as in clause (1) of article 30. WHY TALK OF ONLY ARTICLE 3O?

30. SOURCE OF INCOME WORK AND OCCUPATIONS Macro economic indicators are not enough Household data are essential in understanding level and quality of life

31. Main Household Source of Income in Andhra Pradesh- 2009-10 Distribution within each Source of Income by Social Groups RURALURBAN Social Group Self Emp (Agri) Agri labour SE in non- agri Other labour Others (Salaried, etc)TotalSocial Group Self Emp Casual labourSalaried Others Pension/ RemitenceTotal SCs 8.229.312.624.819.420.5 SCs 8.421.911.77.911.5 STs 11.47.91.14.02.26.2 STs 1.23.71.41.81.7 OBCs 48.948.052.648.838.447.5 OBCs 41.247.541.041.942.1 Upper caste 28.58.817.66.931.717.4 Upper caste 28.810.432.834.028.7 Muslims 2.92.512.811.55.35.6 Muslims 17.712.88.86.211.6 Others 0.13.63.34.03.02.8 Others 2.83.74.38.24.4 Total 100 Total 100 20.137.614.912.015.410030.113.839.816.3100

32. Formality of work and Sectors URBANRURAL Social GroupFormalInformal Private Sector Public Sector Ltd./ Co-opTotalFormalInformal Private Sector Public Sector Ltd./ Co-opTotal Muslims 4.214.914.56.19.512.54.55.95.85.16.15.8 OBCs 39.145.746.430.64544.248.948 41.852.448 SC/STs 15.814.614.421.212.214.828.728.528.63222.528.5 High Caste Hindus 40.924.924.74233.228.417.917.717.521.21917.7 Total 100 (22.3) 100 (77.7) 100 (69.2) 100 (12.3 ) 100 (18.3) 100 (4.6) 100 (95.4) 100 (93.8) 100 (2.6) 100 (3.5) 100

33. INDIVIDUAL LEVEL WORK STATUS Rural AP: Usual Principal Activity Prevalence Distribution by Social Group (2009-10) Self Employed Casual LabourSalariedUn-PaidRentersStudy Not Working Due to Disability Domestic ChoresTotal SCs9.429.921.98.114.916.516.117.019.4 STs7.07.53.511.33.25.46.94.46.8 OBCs50.747.141.349.751.241.249.843.546.8 UCs22.37.224.624.818.426.219.922.017.5 Muslims8.44.84.25.79.47.44.69.76.6 Others2.23.54.40.43.03.32.63.42.9 100 Total16.834.94.810.31.88.75.517.3100 URBAN AP : Usual Principal Activity Prevalence by Social Group (2009-10) Self Employed Casual LabourSalariedRentersUn-PaidStudy Not Working Due to Disability Domestic ChoresTotal SCs8.823.611.97.18.210.39.610.611.5 STs1.24.91.21.11.61.30.71.41.6 OBCs43.747.641.837.153.839.846.739.142.0 UCs24.87.630.641.227.531.023.429.227.3 Muslims18.512.19.610.07.613.617.316.414.0 Others3.14.15.03.61.44.02.43.33.7 100 Total14.28.921.94.13.112.85.030.1100

34. Enrolments and School Continuation; many fold increase in matric and pre university level Undertake Occupation Based programs Community Based Polytechnics Banking & Credit

35. ESTABLISH Equal Opportunity Commission Tamil Nadu: championed Mid-day meals program Maharashtra : Food for Work program lead to MG-NREGA Andhra Pradesh P-EOC can become an example for the national and other state governments.

36. Governance Strategy Socio-Economic Survey Monitoring of Programs Urban / City Level Cluster Program Reaching out at the level of Taluka / blocks Establish and Equal Opportunity Office in each University

37. CHIEF MINSTER’S AWARDS Annual Awards Best University for increasing diversity Best NGO/Civil Society promoting Diversity in its Staff and Program Focus Individual / institution promoting State wide Diversity Program

38. Thank for Your Time