1. Do-Now 1/7/16 Get out your brainstorm on the causes of war – review your brainstorm – would you add anything? 3 rd period, in your notebooks, create 4 columns (turn paper landscape) and label Social, Political, Economic, Ideological. In each column, brainstorm specific causes of war that would fall under that category

2. Background Causes of the Indo-Pakistan Wars, 1947- 49, 1965, 1971 Ms. Hays IB SL History

3. India before 1947 Indian Sub-continent - Rich mixture of people, languages and religions Hindus, Muslims, & Sikhs Britain established colonial rule starting in the 1400s Used a divide and conquer method Nationalist Movement – Beginning of 20 th century Indian National Congress – nationalist organization formed in 1885 First mostly wealthy Hindus Muslim League in 1906 (Jinnah) Gandhi transformed the Indian National Congress (INC)

4. The Indian National Congress Officially – secular, inclusive, aim to unite all Indians for Independence Some saw it as elitist, urban organization that did not speak for all of India or its diversity Gandhi attempted to unite people with his emphasis on egalitarian beliefs and non-violence Jinnah believed the Congress’s emphasis on democracy and majority rule would reduce Muslim population to a secondary role

5. Britain losing Control Constitutional Developments British forced to accept constitutional change & independence inevitable Created divisions and against INC 1935 Government of India Act Provincial Legislatures British governor more powerful Only 10% of the population had right to vote British Viceroy still had ultimate power

6. Indian Partition Concept of Partition The INC = single united nation Muslim League = partitioned India Muslims were a minority w/ fears Wanted separate country Pakistan INC opposed partition Gandhi = religious tolerance Nehru = a secular state Violent clashes between Hindus and Muslims

7. Do-Now 1/8/16 Get out your notes from yesterday and review them. Annotate your notes: Circle key words Underline main ideas

9. Independence and Partition in 1947 Feb. 1947 –Louis Mountbatten - last Viceroy of India to facilitate the handover of power by 15 August 1947 Decide whether power would be handed over to one, two or more states, where the borders would be, and what would happen with the “princely states” Plan Balkan – suggested transfer of power to each province separately Violence  INC accepted partition Millions began to flee their homes

10. Independence August 1947 – British leave India 2 Separate States: India and Pakistan East and West Pakistan Gandhi celebrated w/ a 24 hour fast

11. Immediate Causes of 1947-79 War Millions migrating Punjab and Bengal Province problems Mixed populations Divided each province 15 million people abandoned their homes and belongings Punjab Sikhs – no state for them Joined Hindus going East, Muslims move West up to a million people were killed East Punjab 60% Hindu and 35% Sikh, West Punjab almost entirely Muslim  ethnic cleansing

13. Immediate Causes 1947-49 War Bengal was also partitioned More gradual End of 1947 Order Restored 40 mill. Muslims remained in India several mill. Hindus in Pakistan huge financial burden Other Effects of the Partition

14. Immediate Causes Over 550 ‘princely states’ Pressures to give up their independence Economically tied Sardar Patel, the deputy prime minister Got all but three to incorporate Hyderabad and Junagadh Muslim princes over Hindu populations – annexed State of Kashmir Hindu prince ruling over mostly Muslims Muslims rose up against Hindu prince Pakistani gov’t sent in Muslim tribesmen in effort to overthrow Kashmir gov’t August 1947)

16. Sources Bottaro, Jean and Stanley, John. 2011. History for the IB Diploma: Democratic States. Cambridge, UK. Cambridge University Press. p. 68-71.