1. THE CREATION OF A ROYAL ROME. Catherine Hunt, J.D. Mason Classical Academy

2. How did the leadership in Royal Rome contribute to the rise of a Roman Republic?

3. 9 TH GRADE Date 1Topic/Class: History – Royal Rome How did the leadership in Royal Rome contribute to the rise of a Roman Republic? Questions/Main Topics Who wrote the Allegory of the Cave? What is explained in the Allegory? Who is capable of enlightenment? Why do some attain it and others not? What are the stages of enlightenment? Notes on the same. Plato – in The Republic (5 th – 4 th centuries BC) Summary of Notes – Paragraph style:

4. WESTERN CIVILIZATION TEXT Page 106 – 110 Wisdom is Freedom. Living within a false reality is the equivalent of being shackled in a cave.

5. STAGES OF ENLIGHTENMENT Imagination *examples based on culture. Belief *Real world examples. Thought *provide definitions *explain but cannot support. Understanding *comprehends all terms in the definition and can defend each.

6. 9 TH GRADE Date 2Topic/Class: History – Royal Rome How did the leadership in Royal Rome contribute to the rise of a Roman Republic? Questions/Main Topics What are the significant dates of the rise and fall of Roman Dominance? List the kings of Royal Rome. What is the Geography of Modern Italy? Notes on the same. Summary of Notes – Paragraph style:

8. THE PROGRESSION The Founding 753 BC The Republic 509 BC The Empire 27 BC At Largest – 117 AD The Empire Splits 285 AD Western Empire Falls 476 AD Byzantine Empire Falls 1453 AD

9. Augustus Establishes the Empire 27BC – AD14 Julius Caesar Assassinate d 44BC Etruscans Punic Wars 264-146BC

10. THE 7 KINGS OF ROYAL ROME Romulus (753 – 715 BC) – war like leader - birth right heir Numa Pompilius (715 – 673 BC ) – religious peace loving leader Tullus Hostilius (673 – 642 BC) – A warrior – destroyed Alba Longa and expanded Rome – greatness through reputation of father as warrior. Ancus Martius (642 – 617 BC) – Grandson of Numa – bridge builder across Tiber and credited for combining war and gods with new declarations. L. Tarquinius Priscus (Tarquin the Elder) (616 – 579 BC) – Foreigner (first Etruscan king), seen as blessed by gods. Established Roman games, created larger senate for more strength. Servius Tullius (578 – 535 BC) – Son-in-law of Tarquin – born a servant and seen as blessed by gods. Divided Romans into tribes and fixed military obligations. Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud) (534 – 510 BC) – last king, ousted by Brutus.

11. MODERN DAY ITALY TWO MOUNTAIN RANGES TIBER RIVER ADRIATIC SEA IONIAN SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA TYRRHENIAN SEA LIGURIAN SEA

12. HOMEWORK. Make sure notes are completed. Write up a summary of today’s lesson.

13. 9 TH GRADE Date 3Topic/Class: History – The Beginning of Rome as a Republic. How did the leadership in Royal Rome contribute to the rise of a Roman Republic? Questions/Main Topics What is the legend of Aeneas and the founding of Rome? Who wrote the legend? When was it written? Who was Numitor and Amulius? What is the legend of Romulus and Remus? Notes on the same. Summary of Notes – Paragraph style:

14. WHAT IS THE LEGEND OF AENEAS AS TOLD BY LATIN POET, VERGIL, IN THE AENEID (WRITTEN FROM 26 – 19 BC)? Trojan Prince who fled Troy after defeat to find a new Troy as his destiny. Met Dido – Queen of Carthage – Fell in Love. Reminded by the god Mercury of his duty and destiny. Aeneas leaves Dido. Respected for his Valor in battel against Achilles. Saved from death due to his pietas – overall respect of obligation and gods.

15. “ ” CARTHAGINIANS, HOUND HIS DESCENDANTS AND ALL HIS FUTURE RACE WITH YOUR HATRED! GIVE THIS GIFT TO MY ASHES: NO LOVE, NO TREATIES BETWEEN OUR PEOPLES. ARISE, SOME AVENGER, FROM MY BONES TO PURSUE THE TROJAN SETTLERS WITH FIRE AND THE SWORD, NOW, LATER, WHENEVER YOU HAVE THE POWER TO DO SO. I BEG OUR SHORES TO BE AGAINST THEIRS, OUR SEAS AGAINST THEIRS, SWORDS AGAINST SWORDS. LET OUR DESCENDANTS AND THEIRS FIGHT IT OUT! Dido – to Aeneas in The Aeneid IV.622-627 - by Vergil. “… Nor Hell a Fury, like a Woman scorn'd.” William Congreve, in The Mourning Bride, 1697

16. THE FOUNDING OF ROME After landing in Italy – Aeneas is visited by his deceased father who informs him that he has Mars’ blessing to create an “empire as great as the Earth”. His destiny brought him courage to fight wars with the natives of Italy and to found the town of Lavinium – named for his new Italian wife – Lavinia. His son founded the town Alba Longa (possibly the head of the later Latin League). After death – was deified and worshiped as “the native-born”.

17. WHO WAS NUMITOR? WHO WAS AMULIUS? Numitor – King of Alba Longa long after its founding. Deposed by brother and exiled. Amulius: Brother to Numitor that took the throne. Feared Numitor’s descendants would try to retake throne. Killed sons of Numitor and forbad daughter from giving birth or be punished with live burial. Rhea Silvia – Numitor’s Daughter – Pregnant by god Mars with twin boys.

18. AMULIUS LEARNED OF THE TWINS. ORDERED THEY BE THROWN INTO THE TIBER RIVER. THE WATER MAGICALLY RECEDED AND LEFT THE TWINS BY SHORE.

19. THE LEGEND OF ROMULUS AND REMUS. Nursed by the she-wolf until found by a fig tree by a shepherd.

20. GROWING UP….FEARLESS They were fearless hunters and robbers. Remus is Captured. Remus is taken to King Amulius. Numitor suspects the boys are his grandsons. The shepherd informs Romulus of their origins. Romulus attacks Amulius, Saves Remus, and Restores Numitor to throne. Rome April 21, 753 BC Boys go to their roots – the town they were they had been abandoned and rescued. Who would rule – looked to the birds as same age. Remus saw 6 vultures from his perch and Romulus saw 12. King Romulus. Legend is that Romulus kills Remus in arguments that followed.

21. ROMULUS AS KING Kidnapped women from neighboring towns so to populate Rome. Waged war on Etruscan cities and neighboring Latin cities. Created a reputation for Romans of destructive and war like.

22. One legend says that in battle a strong wind of clouds and dust rose around Romulus and when it dissipated – he was gone. Believed to have become a god. His body was ripped apart by senators out of hatred for his tyranny.

23. HOMEWORK. Make sure notes are completed. Write up a summary of today’s lesson.

24. 9 TH GRADE Date 4Topic/Class: History – The Beginning of Rome as a Republic. How did the leadership in Royal Rome contribute to the rise of a Roman Republic? Questions/Main Topics What was an interregnum ? Who was King Numa? Who was King Hostilius? Explain the battle for power between Rome and Alba Longa. Explain the treachery of Mettius Fufetius. Notes on the same. Summary of Notes – Paragraph style:

25. ANCIENT ITALY

26. FOLLOWING THE DEATH OF ROMULUS Interregnum – a period of time in which a respected advisor would exercise royal power for five days, and then pass it to another. 6 Kings Followed before the Republic. How long can this last? What are the problems with this type of governance?

27. KING NUMA POMPILIUS – 715 BC A Sabine – great reputation for justice and piety. Different than Romulus who was war hungry – Numa was peace-loving and tried to temper the Romans’ desire for war through religion. Credited for creating the leap year and 365 day calendar.

28. THE USE OF RELIGION BY NUMA Created rumors that he had secret meetings with goddess Egeria – who gave him information on how to keep the gods happy – pax deorum (peace of the gods). Created new powers for priests, assigning specific priests to gods and creating the Regia – the seat of authority of the pontifex maximum or high priest. Created the Vestal Virgins – honored for giving up marriage/family for honoring the eternal fire of Vesta. Dictated laws on all religious rituals, how they were to be performed, when, and by whom. He dictated days business could be done and those it could not. Ruled for 43 years. Died in his 80s and left a grandson – only 4 – who would be a king later.

29. KING TULLUS HOSTILIUS After another interregnum, King Hostilius (673 – 642 BC) became King. More warlike than Romulus. Alba Longa and Rome were to battle when the dictator of Alba Longa (Mettius Fufetius)explained to the king the risks of the Etruscans coming in and taking both cities if they were to get too weak from battle. Regardless, they agreed that one city must rule the other and it must be decided through battle.

30. THE HORATII VS THE CURIATII Triplet Brothers on each side would lead the battle for control. Roman triplets – The Horatii Alba Longa triplets – The Curiatii Let’s roll play the battle. I will need three players for each side, along with one girl. (p. 17)

31. EXPLAIN THE TREACHERY OF METTIUS FUFETIUS. After being beaten by Rome, Mettius lost the faith of his people. In an attempt to regain greatness, he convinced the Etruscans and several Latin cities to rebel against Rome. King Hostilius sent Mettius and his troops to hold the western front. Mettius left that front and hid in the hills awaiting to see who would victor. When the King heard of this, he said Mettius moved his troops to stop the advancement from the other side – which caused the rebels to cease their advancement. Rome won and the King called Mettius to his ceremony of celebration. Mettius killed. Loyalty to Rome reasserted. Legion sent to Alba Longa to destroy it – Rome took control of Latin League and doubled its citizenry.

32. HOMEWORK. Make sure notes are completed. Write up a summary on the first two kings to follow Remus.

33. 9 TH GRADE Date 5Topic/Class: History – The Beginning of Rome as a Republic. How did the leadership in Royal Rome contribute to the rise of a Roman Republic? Questions/Main Topics Who was King Ancus Marcius? Who was King Tarquin? How did Tarquin come to die? Notes on the same. Summary of Notes – Paragraph style:

34. KING ANCUS MARCIUS After an interregnum – Ancus Marcius was elected king. Latins thought him weak – did raids and disrespected his demands. Ancus changed the rights to declare war so to not offend the gods and to allow justly the war he waged upon the Latin cities. Created the first prison “carcer”, established first colony where the Tiger R. meets the Tyrrhenian Sea – built a bridge. Mined salt, a money making commodity. To Declare War by King: 1.Roman envoy stood at border and called upon gods to witness demands as just. 2.Envoy then crossed border and repeated the speech to the first citizen met and then again in the marketplace. If Romans voted for war, the priests charged with decaling and deciding upon the justice of a war would go to the border and announce the charges of the enemy. They would then trhow a bloody spear into the enemy’s territory as the formal declaration of war.

35. KING TARQUIN – 38 YEAR REIGN An Etruscan man named Lucumo left his hometown of Tarquinii and went to Rome with his wife. His wife told of the story of an eagle taking his hat from his head at the gates of Rome and then returning it to his head within minutes – a sign of greatness. Lucumo became friends to all through is ambition and became an advisor to King Ancus and custodian to his sons. When King Ancus died in 617BC – he sent the sons away and got the votes needed by the senators to become King. He then stacked the senate with loyal supporters.

36. THE REIGN OF KING TARQUIN 616 – 579 BC Later called “Tarquin the Elder”. Celebrated lavish public games that became tradition. Built the Circus Maximus – where chariot racers were held.

37. TARQUIN’S IMPROVEMENTS/BELIEFS Tarquin built a public forum in what was a swamp. He began the construction of a great wall for the city of Rome. He doubled the number of knights for a stronger military. The oracle and the books of prophesies. The night of the child on fire. Servius Tullius. Tarquin built a public forum in what was a swamp. He began the construction of a great wall for the city of Rome. He doubled the number of knights for a stronger military. The oracle and the books of prophesies. The night of the child on fire. Servius Tullius.

38. THE ASSASSINATION OF TARQUIN The sons of King Ancus begin to cause problems. The sons badmouthed Tarquin – a foreigner and adopted a slave as a son. The sons hired assassins to enter the palace and fake a fight so to demand the King to settle the dispute – then they killed him. Wife – Tanaquil – closed place as though King still alive. Summoned Servius to begin ruling and told the people Tarquin was merely stunned and that Servius would rule until he recovered. Servius than became considered the King –

39. HOMEWORK. Make sure notes are completed. Write up a summary.

40. 9 TH GRADE Date 6Topic/Class: History – The Beginning of Rome as a Republic. How did the leadership in Royal Rome contribute to the rise of a Roman Republic? Questions/Main Topics Is there a trend in the succession of kings in royal Rome? Who was King Servius? How did Tarquin the Proud dethrone Servius? Explain the reign of Tarquin Superbus. (su – per – bus) Notes on the same. Summary of Notes – Paragraph style:

41. WHO SHOULD KING SERVIUS BE CONCERNED WITH NOW? Numitor and Amulius Numitor is dethrone d by brother, Amulius, and sons of Numitor are exiled for dead. Amulius and Romulus Son of Numitor Kills Amulius and restores father to throne. 5Tarquin the Elder Tarquin sent away the sons of Ancus – they ultimately return and sons kill Tarquin. 1Romulus and Remus Brothers Numitor dies and Romulus becomes king and brother is killed. 2Numa Sabine – co-king with Romulus for 5 yrs. Selected to accomplish peace between Romans and Sabines. 3Hostilius Killed by plague and seen as curse of gods. 4 Ancus Gradson of Numa takes throne. 6Servius Adopted son of Tarquin Servius sends away Tarquin’s sons and gives his daughters as their wives. Warrior Religious War through Religious Right Religious

42. KING SERVIUS – 44 YEAR TERM Main accomplishment: Division of the Roman plebs (common people) into classes – from knights in the cavalry at the top. Classes of Common People First Class : Men with capital valued over 100,000 asses (as is currency). They had to supply themselves with helmet, royal shield, breastplate, greaves, sword, spear. Second Class – 75,000 -100,000 asses – no breastplate and had long shield, not round. Third Class – Property at 50,000 asses – same as 2 nd class but no grieves (leg armour). Fourth Class – Property at 25,000 asses, had to supply self with only spear and javelin. Fifth Class – Property at 11,000 asses – supplied selves with slings and stones. Buglers and trumpeters belonged to this class. Proletarii – Property less than 11,000 – exempt from military service. Only gave to Rome their children (proles).

43. POWER OF THE CLASSES Each class was further divided into groups with Calvary and foot soldiers and the groups creates assemblies for voting on matters. First class voted first and so forth and often the decision was made before the Second class even voted. Created the first census for all Romans to register or be put to death.

44. THE COUP D’ETAT Lucius Tarquin – son of Tarquin the Elder – wanted to be king. Began to spread malicious rumors about Servius and his lowly birth. Tarquin the Proud is as ambition as his sister-in-law. Tarquin the Proud Tarquin’s Wife – Tullia – daughter of Servius Arruns Arruns Wife – Tullia – daughter of Servius

45. THE COUP D’ETAT Tarquin the Proud now married to the other Tullia and they plot together in secreacy. They bribe wealthy families to get support. Tarquin sits in the king’s chair in the Senate House and orders the Senators to come to King Tarquin. The Senators, out of fear, came to the Senate House. Servius heard of this and rushed to the House and demanded response from Tarquin. Tarquin said he was merely keeping his father’s chair and it was time for a king’s son to take the throne over a slave. Tarquin then grabbed the older Servius and threw him to the streets. Tullia was first to ride up and salute the new king and drove over her father’s bloody body with her carriage on the way out.

46. TARQUIN SUPERBUS Took the throne without approval of the people or Senate. He refused a burial for his father-in-law – king Servius. He executed senators who had supported Servius and did not fill their seats. Refused to consult the senate, ruled unilaterally. Seized the property of wealthy citizens and created a bodyguard for himself. He treated Romans and some Latins with such arrogance that he was not well liked. He would set up opponents to take the fall for crimes and have them executed.

47. HOMEWORK. Make sure notes are completed. Write up a summary.

48. 9 TH GRADE Date 7Topic/Class: History – The Beginning of Rome as a Republic. How did the leadership in Royal Rome contribute to the rise of a Roman Republic? Questions/Main Topics Who was Brutus? What was Brutus hiding from everyone and why? Why and how was Tarquin finally overthrown? What did the removal of Tarquin the Proud begin? Notes on the same. Summary of Notes – Paragraph style:

49. THE SNAKE IN THE PALACE? 1. Tarquin saw an actual snake and hailed the advice of an oracle in Delphi – sent his sons and nephew (Brutus) to learn the meaning. 2. Brutus, aware of uncle’s rage, always acted like he was an idiot, with little intelligence, never made remark when his land was taken or people were killed. He kept quiet and appeared to be a non-threat, a fool. Sent on Delphi trip to be a source of fun for the others to mock. 3. Brutus brought his own gift to the god of Apollo – a gold rod hidden inside a tube of wood. The sons asked the oracle: “Who will be the next king of Rome?” The sons drew lots to decide who would get the first kiss upon arrival home. The oracle: “He who first kisses his mother”. Brutus pretended to fall and while on floor, kissed the ground – Mother Earth!!

50. WHY WAS TARQUIN FINALLY OVERTHROWN? Tarquin’s son – Sextus Tarquinius – engaged in a competition with other soldiers (one being Collatinus) as to whose wife was the most loyal. They all went into Rome to spy on their wives. Most wives were throwing parties and lavish affairs while their husbands were away at war. Collantinus’ wife – Lucretia – was sewing by candle-light with her maids in waiting. She was the most loyal and they entered and had dinner with her. Sextus fell in love with her and returned on a later night. He forced himself upon her – and this disgraced her. She had “lost her honor” and called upon her father, husband, and their friends (Brutus being one) to avenge her honor and make Sextus pay for his wrongdoing. She then stabbed herself to death. Tarquin’s son – Sextus Tarquinius – engaged in a competition with other soldiers (one being Collatinus) as to whose wife was the most loyal. They all went into Rome to spy on their wives. Most wives were throwing parties and lavish affairs while their husbands were away at war. Collantinus’ wife – Lucretia – was sewing by candle-light with her maids in waiting. She was the most loyal and they entered and had dinner with her. Sextus fell in love with her and returned on a later night. He forced himself upon her – and this disgraced her. She had “lost her honor” and called upon her father, husband, and their friends (Brutus being one) to avenge her honor and make Sextus pay for his wrongdoing. She then stabbed herself to death.

51. THE NEVER BEFORE SEEN STRONG BRUTUS - TOOK THE KNIFE FROM LUCRETIA’S BODY AND PROCLAIMED: “I swear by this blood – most chaste until the prince’s crime – and gods, I call upon you as witness that I, with as much force as I can muster, will drive Lucius Tarquinius the Proud, with his wicked wife and the whole stock of his children, out of Rome, and I will not allow t hem or any other man to be king in Rome!”

52. The Monarchy in Rome ended in 509 BC The Roman Republic was born.

53. HOMEWORK. Make sure notes are completed. Write up a summary.

54. How did the leadership in Royal Rome contribute to the rise of a Roman Republic?

55. COLLABORATION – DRAFT OF RESPONSE TO ESSENTIAL QUESTION. Full Class Discussion Be Polite Raise Hands Speak with precise language Team Chat Discuss various approaches to the essential question. Pen to Paper Begin to write draft of the essential question.

56. HOW DID THE LEADERSHIP IN ROYAL ROME CONTRIBUTE TO THE RISE OF A ROMAN REPUBLIC? First answer the question – How did the leadership contribute – write down 2 or 3 ways. Then attach specific kings/events to the ways you wrote on paper. Read through your summaries and put checks next to king you referenced.

57. HOMEWORK – Begin to study for test on Friday. Write an introduction paragraph that covers the content in your three boxes generally. Number the summaries in order as to whether they will go with box 1, 2, or 3.

58. WRITING YOUR ESSAY. Insert your summaries in order on your paper. Write a conclusion. Test is on Friday.

59. TEST DAY. Please have only a writing utensil on your desk along with loose leaf paper. Make sure your desk and areas are not close to another. No talking once test is administered or your test will score at zero. No notes or other items on desk. I will collect when class ends.