2.  Field of chemistry that deals with living organisms and life processes  Why is this important when studying A&P?

3.  Smallest unit: atom/elements  Elements form bonds Ionic Covalent

4.  Synthesis 2 or more form a more complex compound  Decomposition Compound breaks down to simpler substance  Exchange/Replacement Single/Double replacement

5.  All chemical reactions that occur in cells  2 types of metabolic activity Catabolism Anabolism

6.  Breaks down large molecules (such as food) into smaller chemical units to release energy  Releases energy

7.  Builds larger and more complex chemical molecules from smaller units  Requires energy

8.  Refers to chemical compounds that contain carbon covalent (C-C) or carbon- hydrogen covalent (C-H) bonds  Large and complex bonds

9.  Water!!!  Electrolytes Acids Bases Salts Electrolytes break up in a solution to form charged ions

10.  Divided into 4 groups Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

11.  Composed of: Carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen  Sugars & Starches  Primary sourse of chemical energy  3 types: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

12.  Composed of short carbon chains  Most important is glucose  Other common forms Fructose Galactose Ribose Deoxyribose

13.  2 or more simple sugars bonded together  Sucrose  Maltose  Lactose

14.  Composed of polymers Large molecule made up of identical small molecules  Glycogen (animal starch)

15.  Water insoluble  Organic  Non-polar  Oil like  Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Lower amount of oxygen Also may contain N & P  Examples: Triglycerides, fats, phospholipids, steroids

16.  Other Uses: Source of energy Protects vital organs  Shock absorbers  Insulator material

17.  Most abundant lipids  Body’s most concentrated form of energy Composed of glycerol and fatty acids  Each glycerol unit is joined to 3 fatty acids

18.  Filled with hydrogen atoms More molecules fit together to form a solid mass  Solid at room temperature  Example: animal fats

19.  Composed of one or more double bonds  Can ‘kink’ due to double bonds  Liquid at room temp  Example: vegetable oils

21.  Cholesterol Found in plasma membrane surrounding every cell (helps stabilize cellular structure & is required for cellular reations Important role with hormones Needed in digestion (bile)

22.  All proteins contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen  Large macromolecules made up of amino acids  Can be divided into two roles: Structural Functional

23.  Structural: Provide the shape/strucure of cells, tissues, and organs Found in tendons/ligaments Insoluble  Functional: ‘the chemists’, they have a unique shape that allows them to bond with other chemicals to create reactions Enzymes Protein hormones

24.  Elements that make up protein molecules and are bonded together  All proteins are composed of 20 different amino acids 12 are produced by body (non-essential) 8 must be taken in by diet (essential)