1. Section 15.8.
Lagrange Multipliers

2. FREE EXTREMUM VERSUS CONSTRAINED EXTREMUM PROBLEMS
To find the minimum value of
f (x, y, z) = x2 + 2y2 + z4 + 4
is a free extremum problem. To find the minimum of
subject to the condition that x +3y − z = 7 is a constrained extremum problem.

3. AN EXAMPLE
Maximize the area of the rectangle inscribed inside the ellipse
We want to maximize the function f (x, y) = 4xy.
NOTE: The function we are trying to optimize is called the objective function.

4. NOTES ON THE EXAMPLE
1. The maximum happens where a level curve of the objective function is tangent to the constraint curve.
2. If two curves are tangent, then their gradients are parallel.

5. THE EXAMPLE REPHRASED
Maximize f (x, y) = 4xy subject to the constraint g(x, y) = 1, where
The objective function is maximized where the level curve and constraint curve are tangent. This happens when the gradients are parallel; that is, when
where λ is a real number. The number λ is called a Lagrange multiplier.

6. METHOD OF LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS
To find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y, z) subject to the constraint that g(x, y, z) = k [assuming that these extreme values exist and on the surface g(x, y, z) = k]:
(a) Find all the values of x, y, z, and λ such that
(b) Evaluate f at all the points (x, y, z) that result from step (a). The largest of these values is the maximum value of f ; the smallest is the minimum value of f.

7. THE METHOD OF LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS WITH PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
Step (a) in the Method of Lagrange Multipliers is equivalent to simultaneously solving the following system of equations:

8. EXAMPLES
1. Maximize f (x, y) = 4xy subject to the constraint x2/4 + y2/9 = 1.
2. Minimize f (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2 subject to the constraint x + y + z = 1.

9. THE METHOD OF LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS WITH TWO CONSTRAINTS
To find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y, z) subject to the constraints that g(x, y, z) = k and h(x, y, z) = c:
(a) Find all the values of x, y, z, λ, and μ such that
(b) Evaluate f at all the points (x, y, z) that result from step (a). The largest of these values is the maximum value of f ; the smallest is the minimum value of f.

10. THE PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FORM FOR TWO CONSTRAINTS

11. EXAMPLE
Let T(x, y, z) = x + 2y + z2 represent the temperature at each point on the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 11. Find the extreme temperatures on the curve formed by the intersection of the plane x + y + z = 3 and the sphere.