1. Reconstruction 1865-1877

2. Presidential Reconstruction  Lincoln wanted to reunite the country without punishing the South  He pardoned (forgave) Southerners who: took an oath of loyalty to the U.S. accepted the end of slavery

3. Radical Republican Reconstruction  Led by Thaddeus Stevens  Did not want to reunite with the South (angered by Lincoln’s moderate plan)  3 Goals: Prevent Confederate leaders from regaining power Establish strong Republican Party in the South Guarantee African Americans the right to vote  Feared Southerners would gain too much power in the House of Representatives

4. The Wade-Davis Bill  Proposed by the Radical Republicans as a response to Lincoln’s ten percent plan – July 1864  A Reconstruction plan that required: The majority of adult white men in the Confederate States to take an oath of allegiance to the U.S. Confederate states to abolish slavery Confederate generals and military officers to give up their right to vote or hold public office  It was vetoed by Lincoln.

5. Andrew Johnson  Took office after Lincoln’s assassination  Focused on allowing states to restore their infrastructures & governments Pardoned (forgave) all Southerners EXCEPT:  Former Confederate officials  Wealthy planters All states had to ratify the 13 th Amendment All states had to withdraw their secession Everyone had to swear allegiance to the Union

6. Freedman’s Bureau  Created to help recently freed slaves (freedmen)  Task: Feed and Cloth war refugees (access to essential goods) Help freedmen find work Prevent the South from starving to death Educate slaves, establish schools

7. African American Communities  By 1872, the Freedman’s Bureau had set up around 1,000 schools  Freedmen had a deep desire to learn  African American academies offering advanced education This grew into the establishment of many African American colleges (Ex.- Fisk University, Morehouse College, Atlanta University

8. Reconstruction Act of 1867  Did not recognize state governments formed under Lincoln or Johnson’s plans  Divided the South into 5 military districts, placing each one under the control of a military officer  Had to allow African Americans the right to vote (ratify 15 th Amendment)  Vetoed by President Johnson— Congress then overrode the veto.

10. Impeachment  Impeach: to charge a government official with “high crimes and misdemeanors” in office  In 1868, President Johnson was charged with improperly removing officials from office, a violation of the Tenure of Office Act Also…was not supportive of Radical Republicans Had conflict with Congress over harsh measures Congress imposed on the South  Was one vote short of being removed from office

11. Constitutional Reconstruction  13 th Amendment (1865): Banned slavery in the United States  14 th Amendment (1866): Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. Declared no states could deny any person the right to “life, liberty, or property”  15 th Amendment (1870): Gave African Americans the right to vote

12. Carpetbaggers & Scalawags  Scalawags: White Southerners who joined the Republican party (in favor of Reconstruction)  Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the South after the war

13. Giving former slaves a chance…  “40 acres and a mule” Promised to freed slaves as a way to give back & get them on their feet Never really enacted – poor land, no clear policy stated  Sharecropping & Tenant Farming Sharecropping: landowners divided their land & gave each worker a few acres with seed & tools – at harvest time, each worker gave about 50% of the crop to pay the owner back Tenant Farming: Croppers would rent land for cash & keep all their harvest (better economically for workers)

14. Resistance to Racial Equality  Black Codes Laws that severely limited African Americans’ rights in the South Wanted to maintain a condition similar to slavery  Ku Klux Klan Goals: drive out Union troops, regain Democratic control of the South, & terrorize African Americans  Enforcement Acts: passed to combat violence in the South, especially that of the KKK, protected voting rights of African Americans

15. 1876 Presidential Election Samuel J. Tilden (NY) Democrat Rutherford B. Hayes (OH) Republican Peter Cooper (NY) Greenback

16. Election Controversy  Tilden won the popular vote, but was one vote shy of the electoral votes needed to win – 20 electoral votes disputed.  Congress appointed a commission to find a solution  the commission had a Republican majority, thus they gave the election to Hayes (even though he didn’t win the popular vote)

17. Election of 1876 Candidates Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote Rutherford B. Hayes (OH) William A. Wheeler (NY) Republican1854,034,311 Samuel J. Tilden (NY) Thomas A. Hendricks (IN) Democratic1844,288,546 Peter Cooper (NY) Samuel F. Cary (OH) Greenback075,973

18. Compromise of 1877  Rutherford B. Hayes was inaugurated as President  Federal troops withdrawn from the South  Signaled the end of Reconstruction

19. Practice Questions  Why did the House of Representatives vote to impeach President Johnson? A. Johnson was not supportive of Radical Republicans B. Johnson refused to provide funds to set up military districts C. Congress preferred a stronger candidate for president D. The people had voted to remove Johnson as president

20. Practice Questions  The purpose of the Thirteenth Amendment was A. to institute a draft B. To raise war funds C. To abolish slavery D. To determine citizenship

21. Practice Questions  What was the effect of the black codes? A. They created a new form of slavery after the Civil War B. They allowed for the emancipation of southern slaves C. They established a way for freed slaves to own land D. They eliminated one cause of sectionalism

22. Practice Questions  What does the 14 th Amendment grant? A. Voting rights to all citizens B. The right of land ownership C. Citizenship to all individuals born in the US D. The right to reclaim slaves who have entered a free state