1. ESERCITAZIONE 3 HUMAN GENETICS BLOOD GROUPS RECOGNITION OF PATHERNITY FAMILY PEDIGREE

2. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE AND CO-DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE: Is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotype of both alleles. (ex: color of Bella di notte petals ) CO-DOMINANCE: In co-dominance an additional phenotype is produced, however both alleles are expressed completely. The eterozygous shows the traits of both parents. ( ex: blood group)

3. I A is dominant over i I B is dominant over i I A and I B are codominant Which is the dominance relation in this series of multiple alleles? BLOOD GROUP(Phenotype) Possible Genotypes A I A I A I A i B I B I B I B i ABI A I B 0ii 1. The human blood groups system ABO is regulated by 3 alleles according to the following scheme:

4. a) The parents have one dominant allele I A therefore the parents could be I A I A o I A i. In the progeny we have the phentotype 0 (recessive trait) then the parents must be I A i Phenotype of crossed individuals Phenotype in the progeny Genotype of crossed individuals a)A X AA; 0 b)A X ABA; AB c)B X 0B; 0 d)AB X AB; A; 0; AB 2. Determine parental genotypes in the following crosses: I A i X I A i Frequency of expected genotypes in the progeny : I A I A (1/4), I A i (2/4), ii (1/4) Frequency of phenotypes: A (3/4) e O (1/4)

5. Phenotype of crossed individuals Phenotype in the progeny Genotype of crossed individuals a)A X AA; 0 b)A X ABA; AB c)B X 0B; 0 d)AB X AB; A; 0; AB 2. Determine parental genotypes in the following crosses : b) The second parent must be I A I B and its gametes will be (½) I A and (½) I B The first parent could be I A I A o I A i but since we don’t have B phenotype in the progeny then he must be homozygous I A I A I A I A X I A I B

6. Phenotype of crossed individuals Phenotype in the progeny Genotype of crossed individuals a)A X AA; 0 b)A X ABA; AB c)B X 0B; 0 d)AB X AB; A; 0; AB 2. Determine parental genotypes in the following crosses : c) The second parent is homozygous recessive ii, while the first one could be I B I B / I B i Since in the progeny individuals homozygous recessive appear (0 group), the first parent must be heterozygous I B i. I B i X ii

7. Phenotype of crossed individuals Phenotype in the progeny Genotype of crossed individuals a)A X AA; 0 b)A X ABA; AB c)B X 0B; 0 d)B X AB; A; 0; AB d) Parents Genotypes:I B I B / I B i x I A I A / I A i i In the progeny we have individuals homozygous recessive ii (group0) then the first parent must be heterozygous I B i and also the second one must be heterozygous I A i I B i X I A i 2. Determine parental genotypes in the following crosses :

8. 3. Rh system is determined by the gene D: the presence of antigen (Rh + individual) is due to the dominant allele D; the absence of antigen (Rh – individual) is homozygote for the recessive allele d. Determine the genotypes of individuals crossed: Phenotype of crossed individuals Phenotype in the progenyGenotype of crossed individuals AB Rh + X 0 Rh + 3/8 A Rh + ; 3/8 B Rh + ; 1/8 A Rh - ; 1/8 B Rh - B Rh - X A Rh + 1/4 AB Rh + ; 1/4 A Rh + ; 1/4 B Rh + ; 1/4 0 Rh + a)The first parent must be I A I B, while the second one is ii. b)Factor Rh: both parents could be DD/Dd. Since we have individuals with Rh- in the progeny, the parents must be heterozygous Dd I A I B Dd x ii Dd

9. Gene IGene DExpected phenotypes I A I B x i iDd x Dd Rh + (3/4) A Rh + (1/2 x 3/4 = 3/8) A (1/2) Rh- (1/4) A Rh- (1/2 x 1/4 = 1/8) Rh + (3/4) B Rh + (1/2 x 3/4 = 3/8) B (1/2) Rh- (1/4) B Rh- (1/2 x 1/4 = 1/8) Now use the brunch diagram to predict the expected phenotypes classes and their frequencies in progeny.

10. 3. Rh system is determined by the gene D: the presence of antigen (Rh + individual ) is due to the dominant allele D; the absence of antigen (Rh – individual) is homozygote for the recessive allele d. Phenotype of crossed individuals Offsprings phenotypesGenotypes of parents AB Rh + X 0 Rh + 3/8 A Rh + ; 3/8 B Rh + ; 1/8 A Rh - ; 1/8 B Rh - B Rh - X A Rh + 1/4 AB Rh + ; 1/4 A Rh + ; 1/4 B Rh + ; 1/4 0 Rh + I B i dd x I A i DD a)The genotype of first parent could be I B I B o I B i (blood group) and dd for Rh factor. The second parent could be I A I A o I A i and DD o Dd. b)Since in the progeny the recessive trait 0 appears but Rh - does not emerge, both parents must have one recessive allele about blood group then the genotype will be I B i x I A i. About Rh, the second parent must be DD 4 classes of phenotypes are expected with the same frequency (1:1:1:1)

11. Gene IGene DExpected phenotypes I B i x I A i dd x DD A (1/4) Rh + (1) A Rh + (1/4) B (1/4) Rh + (1) B Rh + (1/4) AB (1/4) Rh + (1) AB Rh + (1/4) O (1/4) Rh + (1) O Rh + (1/4) I B i d d x I A i D D Now use the brunch diagram to predict the expected phenotypes classes and their frequencies in the offsprings

12. Mother’s genotype: I A I A / I A i dd child’s genotype:I B I B / I B i DD/Dd man’s genotype: I B I B / I B i dd The man is not the father of the child. He hasn’t the allele D. 4. Mother and son have the indicated blood groups. Could the man be the father of the child?

13. 0 Rh + A + 0 - Mother’s genotype: I A I A / I A i DD/Dd child’s genotype:i i DD/Dd man’s genotype: i i dd The man could be the father of the child if the mother’s genotype is I A i DD/Dd 4. Mother and son have the indicated blood groups. Could the man be the father of the child?

14. A Rh - 0 - AB Rh + 4. Mother and son have the indicated blood groups. Could the man be the father of the child? Mother’s genotype: i i dd child’s genotype:I A I A / I A i dd man’s genotype: I A I B DD/Dd The man could be the father of the child if his genotype is Dd

15. The probability that the cross I A I B dd x i i Dd produce a child I B i dd is: Probability of phenotype B = ½ x 1 = ½ Probability of phenotype Rh - = 1 x ½ = ½ Probability of phenotipe B Rh- = ½ x ½ = 1/4 5. Figure out the probability of these events. Mother’s genotype: I A I B dd Father’s genotype:i i DD/Dd child’s genotype: I B i dd The child is certainly heterozygous for blood group because he inherited ì allele from the father. Since the child is dd, the father must be heterozygous Dd

16. 5. Figure out the probability of these events. Mother’s genotype: i i DD/Dd Father’s genotype:I A I A / I A i DD/Dd child’s genotype: i i dd Since the child is homozygous recessive for both genes, the father must be heterozygous I A i Dd. The mother must be eterozygous for Rh factor: ii Dd The probability that the cross ii Dd x I A i Dd produce a child ii dd is: Probability of phenotype 0 = ½ x 1 = ½ Probability of phenotype Rh - = ½ x ½ =¼ Probability of phenotipe 0 Rh- = ½ x ¼ = 1/8

17. 1 - In family trees the most used symbols are : Parents A roman number is assigned to every generation and the individuals of the same generation are progressively numbered from left to right with Arabic numbers. Female Male children I II 12 3 mutant normal

18. INHERITANCE DOMINANT All the generations have individuals that show the trait RECESSIVE The affected individuals are rare and they are not present in all the generations. AUTOSOMAL Male and female are usually affected with equal frequency. SEX-LINKED The trait emerged only in male or female

19. Mutant phenotype is present in all generations. Then the mutant allele is DOMINANT The mutant individuals are heterozygous or homozygous dominant (AA o Aa) while the normal individuals are homozygous recessive (aa). A- aa Aa aa Aaaa In the following family trees, black symbols represent a mutant phenotype. Determine if the mutant phenotype is due to a dominant or a recessive allele, taking into consideration that the mutant allele is rare

20. Here we have mutant sons from normal individuals. The mutated allele is RECESSIVE. aa Aa The mutant individuals are homozygous recessive, the parents are hetorozygous. In the following family trees, black symbols represent a mutant phenotype. Determine if the mutant phenotype is due to a dominant or a recessive allele, taking into consideration that the mutant allele is rare

21. Considering people that become part of the family through marriage don’t have the mutant allele, calculate the probability that an affected (sick) child is born from cross III,3 and III,4 aa Aa Female III,3 is heterozygous Aa (probability=1) because she is normal and the mother is sick (homozygous recessive) Man III,4 could be heterozygous if his father is heterozygous (II,5). The probability that II,5 is heterozygous is 2/3 (he is normal son of heterozygous parents). The probability that III,4 inherits the recessive allele is ½ (the cross is Aa X AA (external)). Aa (1)Aa (½) Aa (2/3) The probability that an affected (sick) child is born from cross III,3 and III,4 is ¼. The probability that all these events happen is the product of all the probabilities: 1 x 2/3 x ½ x ¼ = 1/12 AA Aa A 1/4 Aa 1/ 4 aAa 1/4 Aa 1/ 4 AA AAA 1/4 AA 1/ 4 aAa 1/4 Aa 1/ 4 ?

22. 8. in the following family trees, black symbols represent the mutant phenotype of recessive homozygote. Considering that mutant alleles are rare, calculate the probability of an affected child in the indicated crossed. a) I II III IV ? aa (1) Sick individuals of II generation are homozygous recessive with probability 1 The individuals of IV generation could produce a sick child if they are heterozygous. The probability that IV,1 is heterozygous is 1 because the cross is AA x aa Aa (1) Aa Probability that IV,2 is heterozygous????!!!. III,4 is heterozygous (p=1) because the cross is aa x AA and he donates his recessive allele. The son IV,2possess the recessive allele with the probability of ½ Aa Probability that starting from the cross Aa X Aa we have a sick child (aa) = 1/4 The probability that all these events happen is the product of all the probabilities : 1 x ½ x ¼ = 1/8 (1/2 ) AA (1) (1/4 )

23. III,3 e III,4 must be both heterozygous in order to produce a sick son. III,3 is certainly heterozygous because his mother is homozygous recessive (p=1) III,4 will be heterozygous if he inherited from his father the recessive allele. The probability that the father II,3 is heterozygous is 1 (the parents are aa x Aa) III,4 is heterozygous with probability ½. Aa aa (1) Aa (1) (1/2) 8. in the following family trees, black symbols represent the mutant phenotype of recessive homozygote. Considering that mutant alleles are rare, calculate the probability of an affected child in the indicated crossed. Probability that starting from the cross Aa X Aa we have a sick child (aa) = 1/4 The probability that all these events happen is the product of all the probabilities : 1 x ½ x ¼ = 1/8 (1/4)

24. III,1 and III,2 must be both heterozygous to have a sick son. Aa III,1 is certainly heterozygous (p=1). III,2 could be heterozygous if the father is heterozygous. The probability that II,3 is heterozygous is 2/3 (health son of the heterozygous parents) III,2 is heterozygous with probability of ½. The probability that all these events happen is the product of all the probabilities: 1 x 2/3 x 1/2 x ¼ = 1/12 aa(2/3) Aa Aa (1) (1/2) 8. in the following family trees, black symbols represent the mutant phenotype of recessive homozygote. Considering that mutant alleles are rare, calculate the probability of an affected child in the indicated crossed. Probability that starting from the cross Aa X Aa we have a sick child (aa) = 1/4 AA

25. II,3 will be heterozigous with P=2/3, (health son of heterozygous parents) Aa (2/3) II,4 is heterozygous p=1 since her mother is homozygous recessive. Aa (1) The probability that all these events happen is the product of all the probabilities: 2/3 x 1 x ¼ = 2/12=1/6 aa (1) 8. in the following family trees, black symbols represent the mutant phenotype of recessive homozygote. Considering that mutant alleles are rare, calculate the probability of an affected child in the indicated crossed. Probability that starting from the cross Aa X Aa we have a sick child (aa) = 1/4