1. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011

2. p Big Bang “The major discoveries in the first five years at RHIC must be followed by a broad, quantitative study of the fundamental properties of the quark gluon plasma …” The Frontiers of Nuclear Science A Long Range Plan - 2007 T, c s, Characterization requires Quantitative study of the phases of QCD is a central goal of our field Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 The extraction of transport coefficients is central to the heavy ion programs at RHIC and the LHC 2 of 17

3. η/s estimates – QM2009 Remarkable Convergence Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 4πη/s ~ 1 - 2 Major remaining uncertainty stems from Incomplete knowledge of the Initial eccentricity ε n – η/s interplay New constraints required for the initial eccentricity model and η/s (still 100% uncertainty)  Do higher-order flow harmonics provide such constraints?  Implications for decomposition of two-particle correlation functions Conjectured Lower bound 3 of 17

4. The Flow probe Odd harmonics ≠ 0 Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Odd harmonics = 0 Primary Parameters Azimuthal Distribution 4 of 17

5. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 PHENIX Measurements PHENIX Central Arms (CA) |η’| < 0.35 (particle detection) RXN BBC/MPC ∆η’ = 5-7 Two complimentary analysis methods employed: Correlate hadrons in central Arms with event plane (RXN, etc)  ∆φ correlation function for EP N - EP S Correlations between sub-event planes (EP N - EP S ) also studied! ψ n RXN (|  |=1.0~2.8) MPC (|  |=3.1~3.7) BBC (|  |=3.1~3.9) Schematic Detector Layout Sub-event participant plane = Φ N,S  ∆φ correlation function for EP - CA (I) (II) 5 of 17

6. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Results: Event plane Correlations  Clear  1  2 correlation  well known  Weak  2  4 correlation  well known  Weak  1  3 correlation  Not unexpected  No vis.  2  3 correlation  Fluctuations important Sub-event correlations give crucial insights on the expected correlations and the role of fluctuations 6 of 17

7. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Results: v n Results: v n (ψ n ) Robust PHENIX measurements performed at 200 GeV (Crosschecked with correlation method) http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.3928 v 4 (ψ 4 ) ~ 2v 4 (ψ 2 ) 7 of 17

8. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Results: v n Results: v n (∆φ) Robust measurements performed at 200 GeV (Crosschecked with event-plane method) 8 of 17

9. What do we learn from these new v n measurements? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 9 of 17

10. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 New constraints for ε n and η/s v 3 breaks the ambiguity between CGC vs. Glauber initial conditions and η/s http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.3928 10 of 17

11. Flow is pressure driven Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 162301 (2007) Mesons Baryons v 3 PID scaling v 4 scaling Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Flow is partonic v 2 scaling Flow is partonic KE T & scaling validated for v 3  Partonic flow Consistent partonic flow picture for v n Reminder 11 of 17

12. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Results: v n Results: v n (∆φ) v 2,3,4 saturates for the range √s NN 39 - 200 GeV See Xiaoyang Gong’s talk Energy Scan Session – Friday 17:50 – 18:10 on Friday 12 of 17

13. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Results: Decomposition of two-particle Results: Decomposition of two-particle ∆φ Correlation Functions Two particle ∆φ correlations for 0.3 < |∆η| < 0.7 show the effects of jet contributions to the correlation function 13 of 17

14. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Results: Decomposition of two-particle Results: Decomposition of two-particle ∆φ Correlation Functions 14 of 17

15. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Viscous effects ~ cancel Acoustic scaling http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.3782 Acoustic Scaling Higher-order harmonics should scale as a power of v 2 Deformation 15 of 17 Approx.

16. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Acoustic scaling r v Viscous Horizon (r v ) New constraints from acoustic scaling  Glauber eccentricity  4πη/s = 1.4  r v ~ 1.9 fm  Similar estimates for LHC Cancellation of viscous effects allow constraint for eccentricity Estimate 4πη/s from slope (Independent estimat e) The viscous horizon (r v ) is the length-scale which characterizes the highest harmonic that survives viscous damping 16 of 17 Staig & Shuryak arXiv:1008.3139

17. Higher-order flow harmonics extracted by PHENIX! summary Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011  Provide new constraints for ε n and η/s  Further confirm that flow is partonic  v 2,3,4 saturates for √s NN 39 - 200 GeV  Allow a more robust decomposition of Of two-particle ∆φ correlation functions  Show that Flow is acoustic  new constraints for: η/s initial geometry viscous horizon Precision extractions underway! 17 of 17

18. End Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 201118

19. Acoustic Scaling Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Higher-order harmonics should scale as a power of v 2 Data Deformation Acoustic scaling 19 of 23

20. Acoustic Scaling Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Higher-order harmonics should scale as a power of v 2 Deformation Acoustic scaling 20 of 23

21. Scaling observed for v n Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Acoustic scaling Similar scaling For all centrality independent of p T Viscous effects cancel 21 of 23

22. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Similar scaling For all centrality independent of p T Viscous effects cancel Acoustic scaling http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.3782 22 of 23

23. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 New constraints for ε n and η/s Good agreement between data and theory for  Glauber with fluctuating initial conditions  4πη/s ~ 1 http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.3928 23 of 23

24. Phys.Rev.Lett.105:062301,2010 Flow Measurements High precision double differential measurements are pervasive! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 24 of 23

25. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Good agreement between measurements Precision Data RXN BBC/MPC 25 of 23

26. Precision Data Excellent agreement between experiments for √s = 39 -200 GeV! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 201126 of 23

27. Preliminary, STAR, PHENIX and E895 data Precision Data Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Excellent agreement between experiments for the excitation function!  Crucial for η/s extraction and the critical point search 27 of 23

28. Relaxation time limits η/s to small values Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Estimates for η/s v2v2 pTpT G. Denicol et al 28 of 23

29. Constraints for η/s Song et al. arXiv:1011.2783 Model uncertainty dominated by ε Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Hydrodynamic Model Comparison 29 of 23

30. PHENIX Preliminary KE T & n q scaling validated for v 2 as a function of centrality Flow scales across centrality PHENIX Preliminary Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 201130 of 23

31. Scaling constrains η/s Demir et al η/s from hadronic phase is very large 10-12x(1/4π) No room for such values! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook University; QM11, Annecy, France 2011 Partonic flow dominates! Hadronic contribution cannot be large 31 of 23