1. Agenda The Linux File System (chapter 4 in text) Setting Access Permissions Directory vs File Permissions chmod Utility Symbolic Method Absolute Method umask Utility

2. Access Permissions Limiting unauthorized access to your directories and files is a very important concern for ALL Linux (Unix) users. Consequences of Unauthorized Access: Copying your assignments (cheating) Using your account for illegal activity Using your account to send obscene messages Tampering with files

3. File / Directory Permissions The Linux (Unix) OS can allow the user to specify read, write and execute permissions to the user (owner of file), group (same group members) or all others (different group members) Directory Permissions: Read (r) – View directory contents (filenames only) Write (w) – Create / Remove subdirectories and files Execute (x) – Access directory contents File Permissions Read (r) – View contents (inside) of file Write (w) – Make changes to file’s contents Execute (x) – Run program or shell script

4. chmod Command (Relative Method) Used to change the access permissions of a file or directory Format: chmod [who] [operation] [permission] file who relates to user (u), group (g), others (o), or all (a) operation relates to adding (+), removing (-), or setting (=) permissions permissions are read (r), write (w), or execute (x)

5. chmod Command (Relative Method) Examples: Add Permission chmod g+rw file.name chmod o+x file.name Remove Permission chmod g-w file.name chmod a-w file.name(removes write for ugo) Set Permission chmod o=rx file.name chmod go=rx filename Note: you can use wildcard symbols (eg *) to match particular files

6. chmod Command (Absolute Method) You can use the chmod command with octal number to represent (in binary) a permission (1) or removal of a permission (0) for the file or directory. This is referred to as an Absolute method, and many prefer this “short-cut” method to changing file / directory permissions.

7. chmod - Example (Absolute Method) Applying octal values of rwx using the absolute chmod command: chmod 777 file - r w x r w x r w x chmod 755 file - r w x r - x r - x chmod 711 file - r w x - - x - - x chmod 644 file - r w - r - - r - -

8. Practical Applications of chmod Command Directory Pass-Through Permission (x) Pass-through permission allows users to pass-through a directory in order to access the contained files and subdirectories To deny access to your files by other users, you can remove group and other pass- through permissions on your home directory (rwx------)

9. Practical Applications of chmod Command Sharing Files Set up directory and file permissions to allow users to modify a file or set up permissions to allow user to view, but not modify a file. Webpages Allow or deny access to files. For example, use chmod command to allow group & others execute permission to “pass-through” your directories.

10. Creating a User Mask The Unix / Linux OS allows “masks” to be created to set default permissions for “newly- created” directories and files. The umask command automatically sets the permissions when the user creates directories and files (umask stands for “user mask”). This process is useful, since user may sometimes forget to change the permissions of newly-created files or directories.

11. umask Command Used to automatically establish file permission upon creation umask [mask] where mask represents a 3-digit octal number for permissions to be denied for UGO. Think of a mask as “hiding” permissions that are available from the system.

12. Setting Directory Mask To change directory mask: Determine octal number that would set directory permission Subtract octal number determined above from octal number 777 to get result issue the command : umask [octal number]

13. Setting Directory Mask Example: To set mask for newly-created directories to: r w x r - - r - - Determine octal number 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 744 Subtract 744 from 777 = 033 Issue command umask 033 Issue command umask to verify change Why 777? Because the system wants to give full permissions for user, group and others. The mask 033 takes away the specified permissions.

14. Determining Default Directory Permissions Example: With umask of 033 from previous example: Subtract 033 from 777 = 744 Convert to permissions: r w x r - - r - -

15. umask for Files When creating new regular files, the system can only provide read and write permissions (i.e. no execute permissions). Thus there is no way to have execute permission as a default for files. Note that there is only one umask setting, which determines default permissions for newly created files and directories.

16. Determining Default File Permissions Example: With umask of 033 from previous example: Subtract 033 from 777 = 744 Convert to permissions: r w x r - - r - - Remove any “x” permissions remaining: r w - r - - r - -