1. Changes in Georgia and America 1945-1963

2. Postwar America The U.S. and Georgia prosper and change in the years following World War II, but the nation faces several international crises.

3. Terms Section 1 G.I. Bill Baby boomer Suburb Flannery O’Conner Carson McCullers

4. Postwar America The G.I. Bill- Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 ◦provides mortgage, business assistance; free education to veterans 12 million soldiers returning from the War in June 1945 ◦ 320,000 of those soldiers are from Georgia These soldiers are returning to civilian life ◦Eight millions attend school under the G.I. Bill

5. Postwar America Because of the returning soldiers, there is a sudden rise in the American population. ◦Baby Boom –Jump in birthrate ◦Children Born between 1946-1964 were know as baby boomers. This sudden rise in population creates a need for schools and teachers. Congress fears that the Soviet Union (Russia) has an advantage over the America Schools ◦Fund better Math and Science programs

6. Postwar America Population suburbs increase in the 1950s due to the G.I. Bill Minorities cannot afford the Suburban houses and owners will not sell to those that can afford the houses ◦Creates segregation in the community

7. Popular Cullture in in the 1950s Teenagers reject the music of their parents Rock-n-Roll and Jazz become very popular with the youth of America Ray Charles, Gladys Knight, Little Richard, James Brown, others Women’s role in the 1950s were to stay at home to take care of the family ◦Women begin to attend college ◦Women want long-term careers

8. Popular Culture in America Flannery O’Connor perhaps best-known Georgia writer ◦born in Savannah; writes two novels, 31 short stories Carson McCullers writes The Heart is a Lonely Hunter at 23 ◦style called “Southern Gothic”—set in South, full of tragedy, danger

9. Cold War America Cold War Nuclear Arms Race Iron Curtain Containment Joseph R. McCarthy Cuban Missile Crisis

10. Cold War America The belief that communism is a threat after World War II. ◦Cold War- Hostile relations between the U.S. and communist countries such as the Soviet Union. ◦the Soviet Union detonates an atomic weapon ◦Nuclear Arms Race –U.S., Soviet Unions competition for atomic weapons. Civil defense against the atomic bomb becomes an exercise. ◦Schools teach the nuclear explosion drill. ◦Fallout shelters are built for protection.

12. Cold War America Postwar Japan U.S. Rebuilds Japan to be a Democracy ◦Japanese learn the industrial ways of the U.S. ◦Industry explodes in Japan Postwar Germany Allied Powers are in control of Germany Soviet Union wants to establish power. ◦Creates an Iron Curtain- cutting the communicational lines to the Allied Powers of U.S., Britain and France ◦Tries to control nearby countries

13. Cold War America Marshall Plan Allied powers believe that the WWII started because of the Great Depression. Believed that they must rebuild Europe’s economy Soviet Union refuses to help rebuild. ◦Cuts off the western portion of Berlin ◦U.S. can not send aid to help.

14. Cold War America United States and 11 other countries from NATO to stop the spread of Communism. ◦North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◦Formed in case of a Soviet Union Invasion The purpose is to stop the spread of communism to other countries. ◦Containment- Stopping the spread of communism Soviet Union counters NATO by signing the Warsaw Pact in 1955. ◦Pact between the communist countries ◦Dissolves in 1991

15. Cold War Threat of Communism is a fear in America Joseph R. McCarthy- Senator from Wisconsin that accused people of being communist ◦Many of these people’s careers were ruined by McCarthy. ◦Public turns against the senator which ends his career.

16. Cold War America Communist leader comes to power in China. ◦Mao Tse Tung: U.S. fears the spread of communism Korean Conflict ◦North Korea invades South Korea ◦United States sends troops to stop the invasion ◦China aids the North Korean interest. Neither side wins the conflict after three years of fighting ◦A ceasefire was signed ◦Established a new border between the Koreas

18. John F. Kennedy Election of 1960 ◦Kennedy runs on the platform of a “New Frontier” Kennedy wants to focus on the social problems in the United States. The Cold War will not allow him to focus on his promise.

19. John F. Kennedy Bay of Pigs- Fidel Castro takes over Cuba ◦Kennedy supports a group of Cubans trying to over throw Castro ◦Castro captures the anti- Castro forces at the Bay of Pigs The Berlin Wall ◦Soviet Union concerned by the people leaving East Berlin for West Berlin ◦Built the wall in 1961 to separate East and West Berlin.

20. John F. Kennedy Cuban Missile Crisis ◦United States detection of communist missiles in Cuba. ◦Diplomacy problem for Kennedy Blocks the Soviet Union access to Cuba and demands that they remove the missiles from Cuba. The U.S. and Soviet Union on the brink of nuclear war.

22. John F. Kennedy Vietnam ◦North Vietnamese communist leader Ho Chi Minh is considered a threat to the South Vietnam democracy ◦United States sends money, supplies, and military advisors to South Vietnam.

23. Civil Rights 1954- the U.S. Supreme court rules on Brown v. Board of Education ◦Separate is unconstitutional 1957- Little Rock, AK, nine African American students were to be integrated into Central High School ◦Govern used National Guard to keep the students out of the school ◦President Eisenhower ordered the 101 st Airborne to protect the students Lester Maddox promise that segregation will not happen as long as he is in office. Many Caucasians worked with African Americans to help segregate society.

24. John F. Kennedy November 22, 1963, Kennedy is assassinated while riding in the streets of Dallas, TX. The death was a shock to the nation ◦Kennedy brought a new era to society ◦One filled with confidence, hope, and a commitment to change. ◦“Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”

25. Section 1 Quiz 1. The ______ gave returning soldiers the opportunity to go to school and buy low cost homes. 2. Children born between 1946-1964 were known as ________. 3. The Cold War was a time of hostilities between ________ and __________. 4. As a result of the hostilities during the Cold War, there was a competition to build atomic bombs known as _______ ______ _________. 5. NATO was formed to stop the spread of communism better known as __________.

26. 6. The court ruling in this case proved that separate is not equal making segregation illegal in schools. What is the court case? 7. Senator ___________ accused many people of communist beliefs during the 1950s eventually ruining their careers. 8. Name the two woman authors from Georgia. 9. President Kennedy had to deal with this intense situation during the 1960s in which the world was a heartbeat away from nuclear war. 10. The Soviet Union cutoff ties to nations of democracy using the technique known as ___________

27. Section 3 Terms Operation Dixie Lake Sidney Lanier Board of Regents controversy Helen Douglas Mankin Three Governors Controversy Carl Sanders Richard B. Russell, Jr. Carl Vinson

28. Georgia’s Growing Economy Shifting Populations ◦Many African American, white farmers move to cities from 1930s to 1960s ◦Rural population falls, from 1.3 million in 1940 to 228,000 by 1970 Many people move to Georgia steady incline in population ◦Defense industry and other businesses attract skilled workers. ◦Public services become strained leading to the growth of suburbs.

29. Georgia’s Growing Economy People are earning more than ever before in Georgia. ◦Factory workers and farmers are still making below national average. ◦Public Service 33% of workforce One third of new factory jobs are in the metro Atlanta area. Savannah becomes one of the U.S. largest port cities. Military Bases provide jobs as well.

31. Georgia’s Growing Economy Labor Unions ◦Auto assembly lines, textile factories remain important industries ◦Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) attempt to organize factories for better working conditions ◦Operation Dixie- attempt to set labor unions in the south ◦Met intimidation by the factory management.

32. Georgia’s Growing Economy Change in agriculture ◦Prosperity ends for Georgia farmers and Sharecroppers  Sharecroppers are pushed off the land ◦Rely on Tractors to till the soil and harvest Livestock becomes an important industry ◦Poultry is the now the leading farm industry ◦Improved transportation and new markets make dairy farming profitable.

33. Changes in Agriculture Improvements in agriculture change how things are grow ◦Pesticides, new strains, and better organization ◦Small farms are sold Agriculture become less important ◦10% is used to grow cotton Crop diversity such as the growth peanuts, poultry, livestock, peanuts, tobacco, soybeans are dominant by 1980

34. Urban Change Atlanta becomes the hub of the south ◦MARTA becomes a large part of transportation The growth of the city creates a need for war. ◦Dam the Chattahoochee River creating Lake Sidney Lanier

36. Political Changes in Georgia The Board of Regents controversy cost the University of Georgia their accreditation ◦Two teachers were promoting integration ◦Talmadge is elected in 1941, plans to change to the idea of integration. ◦Fires members from the Board of Regents to place his men to fire the teachers. Ellis Arnall defeats Talmadge in 1942 ◦Reduces the power that the governor came have on in the state. ◦Abolishes Chain gangs and lowers voting ages.

37. Political Changes in Georgia William Berry Hartsfield William B. Hartsfield becomes Atlanta’s mayor, 1937–40, 1942–62 ◦convinces whites, African-Americans to work together for progress Atlanta grows in population, size; is known for “doing business” While councilman in 1920s, Hartsfield starts Atlanta’s airport supports Atlanta’s zoo; reforms police, fire departments

38. Political Changes in Georgia Helen Douglas Mankin becomes first Georgia woman in Congress, 1947 1946 Governor’s Race ◦Eugene Talmadge runs again in 1946 on white supremacy platform ◦Talmadge wins election but dies before taking office ◦resulting confusion known as three governors controversy  Herman Talmadge, Ellis Arnall, M.E. Thompson  Court rules for Thompson to hold office until special election  Herman wins in 1948 and serves two terms

39. Political changes in Georgia County Unit System is ruled unconstitutional by the federal court. The rural community has too much control over politics keeping the state segregated Carl Sanders is elected in 1962 vows to change the state’s image Richard Russell, Jr. serves as State senator from 1933-1971 ◦Supports the New Deal at firsts, as the depression continues changes his mind. Carl Vinson is elected to congress at the age of 30 being the youngest of that time. ◦Supports military expansion, builds “two-ocean” navy.