1. Chapter 3 - Evaluating a Firm’s Financial Performance  2005, Pearson Prentice Hall

2. Financial Ratio Analysis  Are our decisions maximizing shareholder wealth?

3. We will want to answer questions about the firm’s  Liquidity  Efficient use of Assets  Leverage (financing)  Profitability

4. We will want to answer questions about the firm’s  Liquidity  Efficient use of Assets  Leverage (financing)  Profitability

5. Financial Ratios  Tools that help us determine the financial health of a company.  We can compare a company’s financial ratios with its ratios in previous years (trend analysis).  We can compare a company’s financial ratios with those of its industry.

6. Example: CyberDragon Corporation

7. CyberDragon’s Balance Sheet ($000) Assets:Liabilities & Equity: Assets:Liabilities & Equity: Cash$2,540Accounts payable 9,721 Cash$2,540Accounts payable 9,721 Marketable securities 1,800Notes payable 8,500 Marketable securities 1,800Notes payable 8,500 Accounts receivable18,320Accrued taxes payable 3,200 Accounts receivable18,320Accrued taxes payable 3,200 Inventories27,530Other current liabilities 4,102 Inventories27,530Other current liabilities 4,102 Total current assets 50,190Total current liabilities 25,523 Total current assets 50,190Total current liabilities 25,523 Plant and equipment43,100Long-term debt (bonds) 22,000 Plant and equipment43,100Long-term debt (bonds) 22,000 less accum deprec.11,400Total liabilities 47,523 less accum deprec.11,400Total liabilities 47,523 Net plant & equip. 31,700Common stock ($10 par) 13,000 Net plant & equip. 31,700Common stock ($10 par) 13,000 Total assets 81,890Paid in capital 10,000 Total assets 81,890Paid in capital 10,000 Retained earnings 11,367 Total stockholders' equity 34,367 Total liabilities & equity 81,890

8. Sales (all credit)$112,760 Sales (all credit)$112,760 Cost of Goods Sold (85,300) Cost of Goods Sold (85,300) Gross Profit 27,460 Gross Profit 27,460 Operating Expenses: Operating Expenses: Selling (6,540) Selling (6,540) General & Administrative (9,400) General & Administrative (9,400) Total Operating Expenses (15,940) Total Operating Expenses (15,940) Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) 11,520 Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) 11,520 Interest charges: Interest charges: Interest on bank notes: (850) Interest on bank notes: (850) Interest on bonds: (2,310) Interest on bonds: (2,310) Total Interest charges (3,160) Total Interest charges (3,160) Earnings before taxes (EBT) 8,360 Earnings before taxes (EBT) 8,360 Taxes (assume 40%) (3,344) Taxes (assume 40%) (3,344) Net Income 5,016 Net Income 5,016 CyberDragon’s Income Statement

9. CyberDragon Other Information Dividends paid on common stock$2,800 Dividends paid on common stock$2,800 Earnings retained in the firm 2,216 Earnings retained in the firm 2,216 Shares outstanding (000) 1,300 Shares outstanding (000) 1,300 Market price per share 20 Market price per share 20 Book value per share 26.44 Book value per share 26.44 Earnings per share 3.86 Earnings per share 3.86 Dividends per share 2.15 Dividends per share 2.15

10. 1. Liquidity Ratios  Do we have enough liquid assets to meet approaching obligations?

11. What is CyberDragon’s Current Ratio?

12. current assets current liabilities

13. What is CyberDragon’s Current Ratio? 50,190 25,523 = 1.97

14. What is CyberDragon’s Current Ratio? If the average current ratio for the industry is 2.4, is this good or not? 50,190 25,523 = 1.97

15. What is the firm’s Acid Test Ratio?

16. current assets - inventories current liabilities

17. What is the firm’s Acid Test Ratio? 50,190 - 27,530 25,523 =.89

18. What is the firm’s Acid Test Ratio? Suppose the industry average is.92. What does this tell us? 50,190 - 27,530 25,523 =.89

19. What is the firm’s Average Collection Period?

20. accounts receivable daily credit sales

21. What is the firm’s Average Collection Period? 18,320 112,760/365 = 59.3 days

22. What is the firm’s Average Collection Period? If the industry average is 47 days, what does this tell us? 18,320 112,760/365 = 59.3 days

23. 2. Operating Efficiency Ratios  Measure how efficiently the firm’s assets generate operating profits.

24. What is the firm’s Operating Income Return on Investment (OIROI)?

25. operating income total assets

26. What is the firm’s Operating Income Return on Investment (OIROI)? 11,520 81,890 = 14.07%

27. Slightly below the industry average of 15%. What is the firm’s Operating Income Return on Investment (OIROI)? 11,520 81,890 = 14.07%

28. Slightly below the industry average of 15%. The OIROI reflects product pricing and the firm’s ability to keep costs down. What is the firm’s Operating Income Return on Investment (OIROI)? 11,520 81,890 = 14.07%

29. What is their Operating Profit Margin?

30. operating income sales

31. What is their Operating Profit Margin? 11,520 112,760 = 10.22%

32. What is their Operating Profit Margin? This is below the industry average of 12%. 11,520 112,760 = 10.22%

33. What is their Total Asset Turnover?

34. sales total assets

35. What is their Total Asset Turnover? 112,760 81,890 = 1.38 times

36. What is their Total Asset Turnover? The industry average is 1.82 times. The firm needs to figure out how to squeeze more sales dollars out of its assets. 112,760 81,890 = 1.38 times

37. What is the firm’s Accounts Receivable Turnover?

38. credit sales accounts receivable

39. What is the firm’s Accounts Receivable Turnover? 112,760 18,320 = 6.16 times

40. What is the firm’s Accounts Receivable Turnover? CyberDragon turns their A/R over 6.16 times per year. The industry average is 8.2 times. Is this efficient? 112,760 18,320 = 6.16 times

41. What is the firm’s Inventory Turnover?

42. cost of goods sold inventory

43. What is the firm’s Inventory Turnover? 85,300 27,530 = 3.10 times

44. What is the firm’s Inventory Turnover? CyberDragon turns their inventory over 3.1 times per year. The industry average is 3.9 times. Is this efficient? 85,300 27,530 = 3.10 times

45. Low inventory turnover: The firm may have too much inventory, which is expensive because:  Inventory takes up costly warehouse space.  Some items may become spoiled or obsolete.

46. What is the firm’s Fixed Asset Turnover?

47. sales fixed assets

48. What is the firm’s Fixed Asset Turnover? 112,760 31,700 = 3.56 times

49. What is the firm’s Fixed Asset Turnover? If the industry average is 4.6 times, what does this tell us about CyberDragon? 112,760 31,700 = 3.56 times

50. 3. Leverage Ratios (financing decisions)  Measure the impact of using debt capital to finance assets.  Firms use debt to lever (increase) returns on common equity.

51. How does Leverage work?  Suppose we have an all equity-financed firm worth $100,000. Its earnings this year total $15,000. ROE = (ignore taxes for this example)

52. How does Leverage work?  Suppose we have an all equity-financed firm worth $100,000. Its earnings this year total $15,000. ROE = = 15% 15,000 100,000

53. How does Leverage work?  Suppose the same $100,000 firm is financed with half equity, and half 8% debt (bonds). Earnings are still $15,000. ROE =

54. How does Leverage work?  Suppose the same $100,000 firm is financed with half equity, and half 8% debt (bonds). Earnings are still $15,000. ROE == 15,000 - 4,000 50,000

55. How does Leverage work?  Suppose the same $100,000 firm is financed with half equity, and half 8% debt (bonds). Earnings are still $15,000. ROE == 22% 15,000 - 4,000 50,000

56. What is CyberDragon’s Debt Ratio?

57. total debt total assets

58. What is CyberDragon’s Debt Ratio? 47,523 81,890 = 58%

59. What is CyberDragon’s Debt Ratio? What is CyberDragon’s Debt Ratio? If the industry average is 47%, what does this tell us? 47,523 81,890 = 58%

60. What is CyberDragon’s Debt Ratio? 47,523 81,890 = 58% If the industry average is 47%, what does this tell us? Can leverage make the firm more profitable? Can leverage make the firm riskier?

61. What is the firm’s Times Interest Earned Ratio?

62. operating income interest expense

63. What is the firm’s Times Interest Earned Ratio? 11,520 3,160 = 3.65 times

64. What is the firm’s Times Interest Earned Ratio? The industry average is 6.7 times. This is further evidence that the firm uses more debt financing than average. 11,520 3,160 = 3.65 times

65. 4. Return on Equity How well are the firm’s managers maximizing shareholder wealth?

66. What is CyberDragon’s Return on Equity (ROE)?

67. net income common equity

68. What is CyberDragon’s Return on Equity (ROE)? 5,016 34,367 = 14.6%

69. What is CyberDragon’s Return on Equity (ROE)? The industry average is 17.54%. 5,016 34,367 = 14.6%

70. What is CyberDragon’s Return on Equity (ROE)? 5,016 34,367 = 14.6% The industry average is 17.54%. Is this what we would expect, given the firm’s leverage?

71. Conclusion:  Even though CyberDragon has higher leverage than the industry average, they are much less efficient, and therefore, less profitable.

72. The DuPont Model Brings together:  Profitability  Efficiency  Leverage

73. ROE = x / (1- ) Net Profit Total Asset Debt Net Profit Total Asset Debt Margin Turnover Ratio Margin Turnover Ratio The DuPont Model

74. ROE = x / (1- ) = x /(1- ) Net Profit Total Asset Debt Net Profit Total Asset Debt Margin Turnover Ratio Margin Turnover Ratio Net Income Sales Total Debt Net Income Sales Total Debt Sales Total Assets Total Assets Sales Total Assets Total Assets The DuPont Model

75. Net Profit Total Asset Debt Net Profit Total Asset Debt Margin Turnover Ratio Margin Turnover Ratio Net Income Sales Total Debt Net Income Sales Total Debt Sales Total Assets Total Assets Sales Total Assets Total Assets 5,016 112,760 47,523 5,016 112,760 47,523 112,760 81,890 81,890 112,760 81,890 81,890 ROE = x / (1- ) = x /(1- ) The DuPont Model

76. ROE = x / (1- ) = x /(1- ) = 14.6% Net Profit Total Asset Debt Net Profit Total Asset Debt Margin Turnover Ratio Margin Turnover Ratio Net Income Sales Total Debt Net Income Sales Total Debt Sales Total Assets Total Assets Sales Total Assets Total Assets 5,016 112,760 47,523 5,016 112,760 47,523 112,760 81,890 81,890 112,760 81,890 81,890 The DuPont Model