1. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 MANAGEMENTOF LOAD DISPATCH CENTERS

2. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RLDC’s MANAGEMENT Territorial Jurisdiction: Five Regions In Country: Northern Northern Southern Southern Eastern Eastern Western Western North – Eastern North – Eastern

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6. Indian Power Scenario – at a Glance All figs. are in MW All figs. are in MW RegionPeakInstalled Peak DemandCapacity Surplus/Deficit Northern24,00028,700- 2,000 Western28,00031,200- 4,500 Southern23,40028,500- 2,500 Eastern 8,00015,600 - 500 North-eastern 1,000 2,100- 100

7. Growth of Cumulative capacity of Inter-regional links

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9. Salient Features Northern Regional Power System Largest in geographical area amongst the five regions of India covering 30.7% of the area and approx 29.9% of the country’s population. Largest number of participating constituents (9 states, 5 Central generating companies, one Central Transmission Utility and Bhakra Beas Management Board).

10. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 Salient Features Northern Regional Power System Effective generation capacity 28794 MW Regional Peak Met23015 MW Average Energy Consumption 425 MU / day Central --39.4%, BBMB—9.9%, State—50.3%

11. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 Salient Features Northern Regional Power System + 500 kV HVDC1630 Ckt. Kms. 400 kV 15033 Ckt. Kms. 220 kV28353 Ckt. Kms. TOTAL45016 Ckt. Kms. Transmission system

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13. Salient Features Northern Regional Power System Largest Generating Stations  Thermal (coal fired) SSTPS(NTPC) 2000 MW  Hydro Bhakra Complex (BBMB) 1493 MW  Nuclear RAPS Complex (NPC) 740 MW  Thermal (gas fired) Dadri Gas (NTPC) 829.78 MW

14. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 NR Load Curve For 25 th March 2004

15. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 Operating Agency: -A Govt. Company or any Authority or Corporation established under Central Act. -Presently responsibility entrusted to : Central Transmission Utility - POWERGRID RLDC’s MANAGEMENT

16. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 Challenges:  Frequent Grid Disturbances / Blackouts  Wide Frequency / Voltage excursions  Transmission Bottlenecks  Sub-Optimal Operation  Stressed Equipments and Operators RLDC’s MANAGEMENT

17. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RLDC’s MANAGEMENT RLDC Responsibilities:  Apex body to ensure integrated operation of Power System in the concerned region  Efficient, Economical and Integrated transmission and supply of Electricity  Co-ordination of facilities for inter- state,regional and inter-regional generation and transmission of electricity

18. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RLDC’s MANAGEMENT Co-ordination Functions:  Scheduling Co-ordination  Merit Order Operation  Resource Scheduling  Facilitating inter-state and inter-regional transactions  Transmission corridor usage allocation and loss optimization  Keeping accounts of electricity transmitted through regional grid

19. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RLDC’s MANAGEMENT Real Time Functions  Load-Generation balance and maintenance of system parameters  System security and integrity  Facilitating inter-state and inter-regional spot trading  State estimation and contingency evaluation  System contingency handling and revival

20. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RLDC’s MANAGEMENT Real Time Operation : Strengths  Simple, but effective tools  Holistic approach rather than relying only on elaborate codified procedures  Co-operative Culture Real Time Operation stands on two firm footings  IEGC – THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE  ABT – AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF

21. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE (IEGC)  SIMPLE, COMPREHENSIVE AND EFFECTIVE  ADAPTIVE TO GRID REQUIREMENTS  CLARITY IN ROLES OF STAKE HOLDERS  Encompasses: Planning Code for Inter State Transmission Planning Code for Inter State Transmission Connection Conditions Connection Conditions Operating Code for Regional Grids Operating Code for Regional Grids Scheduling and Dispatch Code Scheduling and Dispatch Code Management of Indian Electricity Grid Code Management of Indian Electricity Grid Code RLDC’s MANAGEMENT

22. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RLDC’s MANAGEMENT Availability Based Tariff  A Rational Tariff Structure  Complements Grid Reliability  Encourage Those Who Help The Grid and Discourage Those Who Undermine Reliability  Simple and Effective  Scientific Settlement System on Weekly Basis

23. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RLDC’s MANAGEMENT Availability Based Tariff : Price Mechanism Fixed Cost:Plant Availability Variable Cost:Schedule Energy Deviation:Unscheduled Interchange (UI) Attracting Frequency Linked Charges

24. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 FREQUENCY vs. UI PRICE 0 28 56 84 112 140 168 196 224 252 280 308 336 364 392 420 448 51 50.950.850.750.650.550.450.350.250.1 50 49.949.849.749.649.549.449.349.249.1 49 48.948.848.748.648.5 FREQUENCY PAISE/UNIT 49 HZ 50.5 HZ 49.5 HZ 50 HZ 49.5 HZ CORRESPONDS TO RS.2.80 UI PRICE AND FREQUENCY UI PRICE AND FREQUENCY

25. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RLDC’s MANAGEMENT The Power Of UI  Linked To Frequency – Collectively Controlled, Democratically Stabilized Collectively Controlled, Democratically Stabilized Known Online To All - Transparency Known Online To All - Transparency  Simple – No Elaborate Calculation Required  No Fear Of Price Rigging  No Need For Negotiating  Promotes Discipline  Strong Nash Equilibrium  Dovetails With Loose Power Pools Philosophy  Platform For A POWER MARKET

26. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RLDC’s MANAGEMENT The Power Of UI (Contd.)  UI Vector Sends The Signals For Optimization In The Control Area Optimization In The Control Area Realistic Load-Generation Planning Realistic Load-Generation Planning Trade, Bilateral and Contracts Trade, Bilateral and Contracts  Indian Equivalent of The Spot and Balancing Market

27. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 GRID CONTINGENCIES AND SYSTEM RESTORATION

28. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 Power System Network: - Demarcation of Grids In India is on Regional basis - Maximum area which could be affected in the event of a disturbance is the whole region System Restoration

29. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Last Blackout In NR: - Date: 2 nd January 2001 - System Affected: Whole Region (19,800 MW) - Time of Disturbance: 04:44 / 02.01.2001 04:44 / 02.01.2001 - Time of Restoration : 13:32 / 02.01.2001 13:32 / 02.01.2001

30. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Last Blackout In WR: - Date: 30 th July 2002 - System Affected: Whole Region except parts of Mumbai (21,500 MW) - Time of Disturbance: 20:11 / 30.07.2002 - Time of Restoration : 06.00 / 30.07.2002

31. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Last Blackout In ER: - Date: 25 th July 2000 - System Affected: Whole Region (7,300 MW) - Time of Disturbance: 21:10 / 25.07.2000 - Time of Restoration : 07:00 / 25.07.2000

32. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Last Blackout In SR: - Date: 23 rd January 2002 - System Affected: 50 % Area (10,000 MW) - Time of Disturbance: -Time of Restoration :

33. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 Vital Elements: MEN EQUIPMENT PROCEDURE Preparedness of the three Vital Elements is the key for Successful Restoration System Restoration

34. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Regional Specific Procedures: A detailed Black Start procedure exists for each Region taking into consideration following Regional specific requirements: -Generation composition -Load Spread -Network Configuration -Black Start Avenues

35. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Black Start Philosophy: -Simultaneous Revival from different corners -Agreed Norms for Inter-Regional assistance -Use of well identified Black Start Avenues -Priority to revival over any commercial aspects

36. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Black Start Philosophy (Contd.):  Empowerment Of System Operators  Synergistic Confluence Of Procedures and Operator Judgment  Right Person In Right Place  Holistic Approach

37. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Real Time Controls: -Identified priorities for load build-up -Load – Generation Balance -Redundancy Build – up -RLDC to act as Nodal agency

38. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Reliability Criteria: -Mock exercises / Dry run tests -Workshops / Refresher courses on Black Start Procedures: A must for each grid operator -Wide circulation of Black Start Document -Review of System Restoration Procedure (Annual Feature)

39. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 Pitfalls To Avoid:  Focus On Process Rather Than The Goal  Pervasive Automation  Commercial Transactions Overriding Reliability Issues  Tight Control Of Parameters  Complex Control Hierarchy  Everyone Is Connected – …………………..No One Is In Control System Restoration

40. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 Thank You

41. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Identified Priorities for Load Build-up -Start-up power to thermal units -Supply to Emergency Loads -Supply to Electric Traction -Supply to Strategic installations / areas

42. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Load Generation Balance A continuous exercise is on to identify the actual generation build-up and the load is accordingly adjusted

43. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Redundancy Build-up While building-up the network due care is also taken to build-up the backup path so that the whole restoration exercise is not jeopardized in the event of tripping of a transmission circuit(s)

44. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration RLDC as Nodal Agency Throughout the restoration procedure RLDCs act as the nodal agency so as to: -incorporate any deviations in real time in the event of any contingency -issues necessary instructions for fast build up of the system in real time -integrate the different built-up sub-systems

45. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RLDC’s MANAGEMENT Simultaneous Revival From Different Corners For instance, for revival, Northern Region is demarcated into four sub-systems.

46. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Agreed Norms for Inter-RegionalAssistance During Black Start, assistance on Inter- Regional links is extended on priority

47. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 System Restoration Black Start Avenues Hydro Thermal Gas Hydro Generating Units Gas Turbines Thermal Stations (close to sources of startup power) Hydro

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50. System Restoration Revival vis-à-vis Commercial Aspects  During system disturbance and revival  The restoration considerations get all importance  Commercial contracts get least priority / suspended

51. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 NORTHERN REGION AREA889,000 SQ. KMS. POPULATION307 MILLION PEAK DEMAND24,000 MW 480 MU / DAY STATES AFFECTEDPUNJAB, HARYANA, RAJASTHAN, DELHI, UP, J & K, UT CHANDIGARH RLDC LOCATIONNEW DELHI

52. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 SYSTEM RESTORATION SEQUENCE DETAILS Extension Of Supply System Synchronization Legend:

53. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RESTORATION SEQUENCE ON 02-01- 2001(Western U.P.) 06:26Auraiya GPS GT#3 self started. 06:55220 kV Auraiya-Phaphund D/C charged to extend supply to Railway Traction. 07:43Auraiya GPS GT#1 Synchronised. 07:55Supply extended to Agra (tripped at 08:30 hrs) due to load generation imbalance. 10:29Supply again extended to Agra (Tripped at 10:48 hrs) due to load generation imbalance 11:00Auraiya GPS GT# 1 & GT#3 tripped on under frequency. 11:33Railway supply restored by charging 220 kV Auraiya- Phaphund line.

54. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RESTORATION SEQUENCE ON 02-01- 2001(Eastern U.P.) 04:44Time of disturbance. 05:10Start-up extended to Singrauli from WR (over AC bypass link. 05:20Supply extended to Mugalsarai-Pahara section of Northern Railway from Bihar (ER) 05:58400 kV Singrauli-Rihand-I Charged to extend start-up to Rihand 06:15Supply extended to Pahara-Kanwar section of Northern Railway from 220 kV Allahabad sub-station. 06:32400 kV Vindhyachal-Kanpur line charged. 06:58Srart-up power extended to Unchahar TPS from Kanpur. 07:10Supply extended to Kanwar-Jhinjjak section of Northern Railway from 220 kV Panki sub-station. 09:11Singrauli 500 MW unit # 6.synchronised. 09:54Rihand 500 MW unit #1.synchronised.

55. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RESTORATION SEQUENCE IN NR ON 02-01-2001 (Delhi-BBMB system.) 05:05Attempt (unsuccessful) to self start unit at Bhakra(R) 06:15Unit self started at Bhakra (L) and power extended to Ganguwal. 06:30Power extended to Jamalpur (Punjab) 06:53Power extended to Dhulkote (Haryana) 06:55Power extended to UT Chandigarh 07:07Power extended to Panipat. 07:28400 kV Panipat-Dadri charged but tripped on over voltage. 07:56Power extended to Kurukshetra. 08:37Power extended to Narela (Delhi) 08:47Power extended to 400 kV Dadri from Panipat. 09:08Power extended to 400 kV Ballabhgarh. 09:19Gas turbine at Dadri(Gas) synchronised. 09:54Power extended to 400 kV Mandola (Delhi) 10:17Whole system collapsed due to load generation imbalance.

56. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 10:33Unit at Bhakra (R) self started but desynchronised at 10:46 hrs. 10:47Unit at Bhakra (R) self started but desynchronised at 10:52 hrs. 11:00Unit at Bhakra (R) self started and power extended to Ganguwal. 11:09Power extended to Dhulkote. 11:11Power extended to Chandigarh. 11:14Power extended to Panipat. 11:25Power extended to Panipat (T). 11:30Power extended to Kurukshetra. 11:42Power extended to Pong. 11:55Power extended to Sangrur and Barnala. 12:25Power extended to Narela (Delhi). 12:37Power extended to Baira suil from Pong. 13:05Power extended to 220 kV Ballabhgarh. 13:08Power extended to BTPS from Ballabhgarh. 13:32Eastern U.P. and BBMB system synchronised through 400/220 kV ICT at Ballabhgarh. RESTORATION SEQUENCE IN NR ON 02-01-2001 (Delhi-BBMB system.) (Contd.)

57. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 RESTORATION SEQUENCES ON 02.01.2001(Rajasthan) 04:46Start-up power availed at R.P. Sagar from Gandhi Sagar Hydro Power Station (M.P). 05:00Unit # 4 started at TPS. 05:38GT # 2 started at Anta GPS. 05:47Supply extended to Railway traction stations and Swaimadhopur. 05:52Supply extended to Jawahar Sagar Hydro Power Station. 06:05RAPS-A which was successfully islanded was synchronised to WR Grid through Modak-Ujjain line. 06:42Power supply extended to Jaipur city. 07:55Power supply extended to Railway Traction around Gangapur city. 11:15Kota TPS unit # 2 synchronised. 14:18Rajasthan system synchronised with BBMB system.

58. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 SOUTHERN REGION AREA636,249 SQ. KMS. POPULATION223 MILLION PEAK DEMANDMW MU / DAY STATES AFFECTEDAP, KARNATAKA KERELA, TAMIL NADU PONDICHERY RLDC LOCATION BANGALORE

59. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 EASTERN REGION AREA425,432 SQ. KMS. POPULATION227 MILLION PEAK DEMANDMW MU / DAY STATES AFFECTEDBIHAR, WEST BENGAL, ORISSA, SIKKIM, JHARKHAND RLDC LOCATIONCALCUTTA

60. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 WESTERN REGION AREA951,488 SQ. KMS. POPULATION230 MILLION PEAK DEMANDMW MU / DAY STATES AFFECTEDGUJARAT, GOA, MP, MAHARASHTRA, DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI, DAMAN & DIU, CHHATTISGARH RLDC LOCATION MUMBAI

61. Wednesday, March 31, 2004 POWER FROM BHAKRA & SELF STARTING HYDROS IMPORT FROM ER (SASARAM)` IMPORT FROM WR (VINDHYACHAL BYE PASS) SELF STARTING OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINES

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