1. PIA 3090 COMPARATIVE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND POLICY

2. THE MAIN EVENT I. Golden Oldies: II. Literary Map: III. Grand Synthesis:

3. TOPIC BUREAUCRACY IN THE FIELD

4. Theme: Bureaucracy in the Field  TYPES OF INTER- GOVERNAMENTAL RELATIONS

5. The Issue: A cacophony of terms  AT ISSUE - Location of ultimate political power  Definition of Power: the authoritative allocation of values

6. Forms of Decentralization  Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government  Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it

7. Confederation and loose con- federal relationships  Power lies with the sub-units U.S. Articles of Confederation European Union Southern African Development Council Economic Council of West African States ASEAN- Asia Mercosor and NAFTA

8. Federal Relationship  Some power lies with the National Unit  Some power lies with lower units

9. Federalism: Key Distinction: 1. Lower units cannot break away from the National Unit 2. National Units cannot take power away from the lower units

10. Federal Examples:  USA  Canada  Germany - Federal Republic  Nigeria  India  Russian Federation  Austria  Switzerland

11. Under Federalism:  Can transfer additional authority back to the sub-units but not take power away from the federated governments For example, there is a debate over provinces in South Africa- Only weakly Federal

12. Unitary Systems  All power ultimately lies at the national level  What power the local level has, is given to it by the national level  The power that the national unit has given to the local level can also be taken away from it

13. Examples:  United Kingdom  France  Kenya  Ivory Coast  Korea  Peru  Iceland  South Africa? (Unitary or Quasi- Federal)

14. Devolution:  Transfer to a non-Federal political body E.g. Budget and personal authority to district, city and town councils

15. Key Distinction  Power lies with lower level politicians Note: Discussion of Traditional, Colonial and Imperial systems (Heady) Fused systems and the fear of dissolution

16. Deconcentration:  Europe and Field Administration- Tarrow  Transfer of authority to administrators at lower level within the administrative system.  Part of routinization of Bureaucracy

17. Types of Deconcentration  Functional Systems- Sectoral Deconcentration  Prefectoral- integrated Systems- Full Territorial  Prefectoral-unintegrated: Mixed Territorial and Functional

18. PIA 3090 TEN MINUTE BREAK

19. Delegation:  Public Corporations or parastatals.  Transfer to non-Political Board or Body  The problem of Commercialization  And the soft state (Turner and Hulme)

20. Privatization  Privatization: Origin and problems with public enterprise (Turner and Holme)  Contracting Out: (Why contract out? Why not? Baker and Turner and Holme)  Out-sourcing vs. In-sourcing

21. Governance Issues: 1. Democracy- the powerless of power (Orwell) 2. Decentralization and the critiques of indirect democracy: the human factor (Greene) 3. Decentralization and NGOs (Are NGOs dangerous?) Threats (Morris)

22. Governance Issues-2 4. Decentralization and ethnic and regional conflict- the dangers of decentralization (Heady) 5. The Communal/municipal model vs. urban/rural dichotomy (Picard)

23. Governance Issues- 3 6. Decentralization (such as land reform) as a failure 7. Issue: local government staff: "bush postings" and Rooting for the Other Team (Morris) 8. Decentralization and Development: State level central planning

24. Corporatism:  The relationship between local government and field administration (Picard) under social corporatism.  Peak organizations, interests and technology

25. Other Terms  Terms:  1. Local state  2. Local Government  3. Self-Governance