1. Aim: How did the movements of peoples cause environmental and linguistic effects? Do NOW: 1. Who is responsible for the mayhem? Why are they able to create havoc? The Annals of the Abbey of Xanten, (near the mouth of the River Rhine) 846 According to their custom the Northmen plundered eastern and western Frisia and burned down the town of Dordrecht, with two other villages, before the eyes of Lothair [The Emperor], who was then in the castle of Nimwegen, but could not punish the crime. The Northmen, with their boast filled with immense booty, including both men and goods, returned to their own country. At this same time, as no one can mention or hear without great sadness, the mother of all the churches, the basilica of the apostle Peter, was taken and plundered by the Moors, or Saracens, who had already occupied the region of Beneventum. The Saracens, moreover, slaughtered all the Christians whom they found outside the walls of Rome, either within or without this church.

2. New Crop - Bananas Domesticated in south-east Asia Malay sailors colonize Madagascar, 300-500 CE –Introduce bananas, yams, chickens Well-adapted to African climate Food supply increases with this key crop – Result?

3. Bantu Migration Effects of Early African Migrations Bantu-speaking peoples settle south of Equator Agriculture, herding spreads with Bantu migrations Iron metallurgy How did Bantus affect Sub-Saharan development? Bantu language was a direct result of the Bantu migration, began Nigeria and Cameroon, NW Africa Bantu languages spoken in over half the African continent. Include Kongo in Zaire, Swahili in Kenya, Zulu in South Africa Hundreds of other languages in over 20 countries. The Swahili language is a branch of the Bantu language, the Swahili people borrowed words from other languages such as Arabic

4. How were the Bantus able to spread?

5. The Vikings Expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to it. – Paraphrase? Viking longships were a technological advancement Used for travel in open waters as well as in rivers and estuaries- WHY useful? Slender and flexible boats, with symmetrical ends with true keel. Dragon's head or other circular object from the bow and stern, for design

6. Viking Migrations- Raids Became Settlements – Explain. How do we know they made it to these places? Areas unaffected?

7. Polynesian Migrations Began? Ended? The maritime people cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved to new islands Began from the islands of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, spreading east, south, and north, Covered millions of square miles of ocean sparsely dotted with islands. Migrated throughout Pacific in sailing canoes, formed a triangle, (New Zealand) to the southwest, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) to the east, and the Hawaiian Archipelago to the north.

8. Post Classical Migrations- Environmental and Linguistic Effects?