3. Cytology. Histopathology.

7. Human cell lines examples: HeLa (cervical cancer). Human neuroblastoma cells, Primate cell lines example: Vero (African green monkey kidney epithelial cell line initiated 1962).

9. Giemsa-stained HeLa cells 7 days postinfection with human adenovirus showing pronounced cell enlargement, rounding, and distinctive “grape- like" clusters (ballooning).

14. Ability of the virus (influenza) in the clinicall specimen to adhere and clump erythrocyte due to expression of haemagglutinin on the cell surface. Identification can then be confirmed by haemagglutination inhibition, haemadsorption inhibition, or, immunofluorescence.

24. Immunofuorescence Sandwich ELISA.

29. Pap smear test: Obtaining a smear from Cervical Canal. Stained by Papanicolaou stain. Screening test detect pre- cancerous changes called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) caused by Human papilloma virus.

30. Spinal cord: Immunoperoxidase-staining of WN viral antigen in glial cells

31. Negri bodies: eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion (mass of nucleocapsids) pathognomonic for rabies.