2. Urbanization and The Gilded Age

3. Industrial growth Westward settlement Reconstruction 1850 – 1900 in the U.S. Immigration Populism Civil War Labor Unions Immigration

4. Journal – Cliff Dwellers Study the picture Answer these questions.. 1. Would you want to live here? Why or why not? 2. Why do you think the artist chose the colors he did? 3. What would you title this artwork?

5. By: George Bellows

6. Gilded Age Late 1800’s was labeled Gilded Age by Mark Twain (coated with Gold) U.S. had seen prosperity for about 10 years surface things looked good underneath the prosperity > inequality > corruption in business and politics Politicians used their power for personal gain

7. First American Millionaires emerged Vanderbilt – RR Rockefeller – Oil Morgan – Finance Carnegie - Steel

8. Reasons for development of Urban areas Colonial cities / early national cities > centers for trade Pre Civil War cities shift from east coast to west coast

9. Population Density in 1890 People per square mile: Darkest – more than 90 Medium – 2 to 18 Dark – 18 to 90 Lightest – Fewer than 2

10. Why Cities developed (Causes) Job Opportunities Millionaire Industries provided lots of jobs Cities offered unskilled workers jobs Immigrants had no $ for moving outside cities Technology provided cheap housing p. 469

11. Why Cities developed Inventions & Innovations fostered development > elevators > Bessemer process > suspension bridges > electric trolley > electricity allowed industries to take off > technology allows cheap housing

12. Why Cities developed Population growth due to immigrants > land of opportunity > had no $ to move away from cities blacks from south (migration) > for jobs > escape Jim Crow laws / racism > boll weevil disease farmers > farm problems > went in search of jobs

14. Industrialization Immigration Farmers Moving to Cities Urbanization Causes of Late 19 th Century Urbanization (growth of Cities) **Each cause relates to the other** Southern blacks Causes :

15. Problems In Urbanization HousingTransportationWaterSanitationCrime

16. Tenement Housing small apartments at cheap cost primitive plumbing lacked decent lighting limited space poor ventilation overcrowded Solutions: > minimal standards for plumbing and ventilation

17. Transportation Large number of people Lacked adequate transportation Solutions: > mass transit > street cars (trolley) > subways

19. Water NO fresh water for drinking Little in door plumbing Solutions: > Public water works > Filtration > Chlorination

20. Sanitation poor sanitation system Sewage flowing Horse manure Factory pollution Solutions: > sewer lines > sanitation department

22. Crime and Fire Pickpockets Thieves Solutions: > NYC 1st salaried police force Fires in major cities due to lots of wooden dwellings candles and kerosene heaters used Limited water supply to spread of fire

23. Working Conditions worked 12 to 16 hour days six days a week Average pay $2 to $3 per week (.30 cents child) Mainly factory jobs > running machines > high injury rate Sweatshops - garment factories > worst conditions Child labor was very common > no labor laws in most states > would make less pay (families needed $$) > alternative to daycare

24. Urban Growth Effects > Skyrocketing population created problems - housing - transportation - water and sanitation - safety > Social problems - reformers will establish programs > Political machines seize control of cities

25. Poor & Immigrant Assistance Settlement Houses > community house in the slums > provides assistance to the poor > run by educated women > libraries, gym, English classes, nursery Hull House in Chicago (1889) > Jane Addams

26. Hull House quickly grew to a complex of thirteen buildings, including a theater, art gallery, clubs, dining hall, nursery school, residence for working women, the only library in the neighborhood, and one of the first free gymnasiums in the country. More than a thousand people from the neighborhood came to the settlement each week for its education, artistic, and social programs. www.uic.edu/depts/uichistory/hullhouse.html

28. Corruption in Politics…. Causes > Rapid city growth > immigrants pouring into city > Inefficient government- local level > Increase need for jobs, services & housing gave corruption the edge > Patronage system and grafts

29. Precinct workers and captains Ward Bosses City Bosses Political Machine Structure “Political Machine” organized group that controlled politics in the city Many were immigrants themselves

30. Political Machine & Immigrants Helped immigrants - housing- favors - getting jobs - with citizenship * in return for votes Controlled city jobs and spending Gave money to solve problems - built orphanages, sewers, waterworks,

31. Political Machines & Graft Graft > illegal use of political influence for personal gain > i.e. Kick-backs, bribes Allowed illegal activities > gambling, prostitution p. 475

32. Patronage & Scandal Patronage > preferring friends & relatives for jobs > also called nepotism Correction > Pendleton Civil Service Act - bipartisan commission - makes appointments to federal jobs based on merit system Spoils System under Jackson p. 476

33. Tweed Ring Scandal > Tweed was “Ward Boss” Tammany Hall > NYC political machine > Used influence to make $$ illegally > Led group to defraud city > Boss Tweed stole 20 million from city treasury p. 475

34. Cartoon depicts Tweed leaning on the ballot box with a sign that reads "In counting there is strength” http://www.laits.utexas.edu/gov310/SL/Boss_Tweed/ referring to the questionable counting procedures that plagued New York politics at this time.

36. The cartoon below was titled The Tammany Tiger Loose "What are you going to do about it?" http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/USRA_Pol_Machines.htm

37. Political Corruption Give examples of corruption

38. Corruption and Problems Leads to ….. a call for reform People begin to organize to fight to corrupt city governments, work place issues etc.. > women biggest reformers Progressive Movement will develop

39. Illinois during the Gilded Age

40. EOC Workbook Pages 121 – (1, 2) 124 – (1, 2) 130 – (5, 6, 8, 9) Read p. 116 (Immigration) 117 (Problems and Concerns..) 118 (Nativism) 120 (Political machines) 122 (Rise of Labor Unions)

41. Cumulative Topics Hamilton v. Jefferson Hamilton's financial plan necessary and proper clause Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

42. Link and Learn Pages 7 – (Social Darwinism) 11 – (Coxey’s Army) 12 – (Haymarket Riot) 16 – (Populist) 20 – (Asian Discrimination) 21 – (Jane Addams) 24 – (Agrarian, RR, Factories, Strikes)