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. METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS IN AVIATION Cpt. Ing. Naděžda Bartošová Ph.D.
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1. DEFINITIONS 2. TYPES OF METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS 3. KEY WORDS
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1. DEFINITION METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS IN AVIATION are the phenomena, that can affect the safety of the flight.
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2. TYPES OF METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS FOG ICING TURBULENCE THUNDERSTORM
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FOG ● Visibility is reduced under 1 km ● Types: radiation fog (in the morning, local character) advection fog (huge, with the drizzle) frontal fog (moving with the frontal system)
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ICING ● ICING IS NOT caused by ice in cloud, is caused by SUPER - COOLED liquid water droplets. ● ICING FACTORS: - LWC - Temperature (0 ;– 20) - Droplet size - Cloud type - Airfoil geometry - Airspeed - Duration of exposure
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ICING ● LUQIUD WATER CONTENT : - is amout of available water, - varies from cloud to cloud, - depends on temperature
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ICING ● CUMULATIVE AFFECTS OF ICING: Decreases Thrust Radio communication problems, Blockage of pitot tubes and static vents, Adverse Aerodynamic Effects.
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ICING TYPES ● Clear icing - is often clear and smooth, - Supercooled water droplets, or freezing rain, strike a surface but do not freeze instantly. ● Rime icing - is rough and opaque, - formed by supercooled drops rapidly freezing on impact. ● Mixed icing is a combination of clear and rime ice. ● Frost icing is the result of water freezing on unprotected surfaces while the aircraft is stationary. ● SLD icing - Supercooled Large Droplet (SLD) conditions, - similar to clear ice.
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ICING PREVENTION ● Mechanical means, which may be as simple as using a broom or brush to remove snow ● Application of Deicing fluid ● Use of infrared heating to melt and remove contaminants ● Put the aircraft into a heated hangar until snow and ice have melted ● Position aircraft towards the sun
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TURBULENCE Def: Turbulence can be defined as small-scale, short-term, random and frequent changes to the velocity of air TYPES: ● Light, moderate, severe, extreme ● THERMAL above a warm surface ● MECHANICAL caused by interference of surface features on the horizontal flow of air ● SHEAR wind changes dramatically within a short horizontal or vertical distance ● AERODYNAMIC caused by an aircraft as it flys through the air (wake turbulence)
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TURBULENCE THERMAL MECHANICAL SHEAR
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THUNDERSTORM DEF: ● a storm caused by strong rising air currents and characterized by thunder and lightning and usually heavy rain or hail. ● formed by a process called convection, defined as the transport of heat energy TYPES: frontal non – frontal HAZARDS: ● severe turbulence, ● low level windshear, ● low ceilings and visibilities, ● hail and lightning
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THUNDERSTORM 3 STAGES: Towering Cumulus Stage: - visible clouds of liquid water, - upward motion throughout the cloud, - turbulence and icing. Mature Stage: - production of precipitation, - updrafts /downdrafts motion, - turbulence, lightning, icing, microburst. Dissipating Stage: - final stage, - downdrafts, - moderate precipitation.
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THUNDERSTORM STRUCTURE: Single cell Multi cell Super cell
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THUNDERSTORM HAZARDS: severe turbulence, low level windshear, low ceilings and visibilities, hail and lightning
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KEY WORDS FOG - radiation/frontal/advection fog ICING – clear/rime/mixed icing TURBULENCE – light/moderate/severe/extreme THUNDERSTORM - single/multi/super cell
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !
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