1. Governance and New Ideas

2. "For no government can have a right to obedience from a people who have not freely consented to it; which they can never be supposed to do till... they are put in a full state of liberty to choose their government.” – John Locke Q: According to Locke, a government cannot expect obedience from the people unless the people have done what? A: Agreed to be governed by that form of government Q: Why would Locke’s statement have been considered revolutionary in his time? A: During this time kings with absolute power ruled most countries. There was no “liberty” to choose a government. People were forced to obey the ruler. Q: What does the word “state” mean in the phrase “full state of liberty”?A: position or situation Q: Who would “put” the people in a “full state of liberty”? A: The people themselves. Locke believed the people have the right to put themselves into a state of liberty by revolution.

3. Imperial System The ideal that the most important function of the colonies was to provide wealth to the home country. It was a closed system designed to keep competition out.

4. Mercantilism Trade and Self-Sufficiency Mercantilists believed that an economically sound country is one that has a monetary surplus. Such a country would also be self-sufficient in raw materials. For this reason, colonies were important to mercantilist-dominated nations. Gold and Silver To maintain supplies of gold and silver, a country must have a favorable trade balance by exporting more goods than it imports. The less a country must pay for imports— either goods or raw materials—the more gold and silver remains in its treasury. This made colonies the primary trading partners with mercantilist nations such as Great Britain. Benefits and Drawbacks Mercantilism benefited colonies by providing a reliable market for their raw materials and cash crops. The drawback was that colonies were not allowed to enter into economic relations with other nations. Mercantilism did not support a free-market economy. Q: What were the two main principles of mercantilism? A: 1. Countries must keep as much gold and silver as they can. 2. Must be self-sufficient in raw materials Q: Do you think the benefits outweighed the drawbacks or vice-versa? A: Benefits = guaranteed market during early economic development Drawback = prohibited from selling to the highest bidder

5. Navigation Acts A series of acts passed through parliament at the request of Charles II beginning in 1660, posing restrictions on colonial trade. What were the effects? 1. Required all products shipped from the colonies be shipped on English ships 2. Colonies could only receive European goods via England 3. Increased cost and shipping time for the colonies 4. Imposed heavy duties (taxes) on imported goods 5. Encouraged smuggling 6. Sewed the seeds for rebellion

6. Dominion of New England 1683 King James II assumes the English thrown and revokes colonial charters for several colonies because of smuggling. Dominion of New England; royal province incorporating Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey. Governed by English governor-general appointed by the king; Sir Edmond Andros. Sir Edmond Andros was very unpopular with the colonists; levied new taxes, rigorously enforced Navigation Acts, declared marriages performed outside the Anglican Church were not legal.

7. Glorious Revolution William and Mary King James II was forced to flee England due to contentious relations with Parliament. The Parliament then recognized James’s Protestant daughter, Mary, and her Dutch husband, William of Orange, as the nation’s rulers. This event was known as the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Changes in the Colonies William and Mary allow Rhode Island and Connecticut to go back to their earlier forms of government. Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Maine remained together as one colony— Massachusetts. Those colonists were permitted to elect a legislature. English Bill of Rights In order for Parliament to obey the new rulers, William and Mary had to swear to uphold a Bill of Rights. Under this bill, the monarchy could not levy taxes or raise an army without Parliament’s consent. Freedom of speech was guaranteed in Parliament, and every English subject had the right to trial by jury Q: As a result of the Glorious Revolution, whose power increased? How? A: Parliament got more powerful by helping overthrow the king and bringing in new monarchs who would be restricted and subject to Parliament.

8. The Enlightenment and Great Awakening During the 1700’s the colonists came under the influence of the Enlightenment and Great Awakening. Enlightenment – emphasis on reason and individualism rather than tradition. Belief that natural laws applied to social, political, and economic relationships; if they could figure out these laws if they applied reason. This emphasis on logic and reason was known as rationalism. Great Awakening – stressed a personal relationship with God.

9. LockeRousseauMontesquieu People have basic rights. Governments should be formed with the consent of the people. There are three types of political power: executive, legislative, judicial. Society can be improved. People have the right to make laws. Those powers must be separate to protect people. Work: Two Treatises of Government Work: The Social Contract Work: The Spirit of Laws

10. John Locke Political philosopher John Locke was one of the most influential Enlightenment writers. Reflected lessons learned by the Glorious Revolution; there were times revolution against the king is justified. Contract theory of government and natural rights profoundly influenced future American political leaders. Published work includes: “Two Treaties of Government”; attempts to use reason to explain the natural laws of politics and society and why people create government to safeguard those natural laws. “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding”; argued peoples minds were blank slates that could be shaped by education and society making them better people. Q: Which two of Locke’s ideas became basic American values? A: People have rights and society can be improved.

11. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Carried Locke’s idea further………… Governments should be formed by the consent of the people The people should make their own laws Published works include; “The Social Contract” Q: What well-known statement in one of America’s founding documents reflects Enlightenment ideas of Locke and Rousseau? A: “Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed;” —The Declaration of Independence

12. Baron De Montesquieu Believed……… There are three types of power; executive, legislative, and judicial The Powers should be separated into different branches to protect the people Published works include; “The Spirit of Laws” Q: What belief do Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu have in common? A: People have basic political rights Q: Why do we study these European philosophers of the Enlightenment in a course on history of the US? A: The ideas of these thinkers greatly influenced the founding fathers of the United States.

13. Religion Pietism This European religious movement focused on a person’s level of devotion to religion and his or her emotional relationship with God. The movement led to revivals; large public gatherings, emotional preaching, and praying. This religious fervor became known as the Great Awakening. Effects in the colonies The Great Awakening divided church congregations into opposing groups called the New Lights and the Old Lights. Churches that retained their traditional ways tended to lose members. The Great Awakening undermined people’s sense of loyalty to traditional authority. These effects had a long-lasting impact on colonial society, helping pave the way for actions that would lead to the American Revolution. Q: What were the revival meetings and the Great Awakening intended to revive or awaken? A: People’s Christian faith