1. ©2010, TESCC SOUTH AMERICA

2. ©2010, TESCC MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS S AND THE AMAZON BASIN. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS S AND THE AMAZON BASIN. POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY. POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY. CULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY. CULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY. REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTERACTION HAS BEEN MINIMAL IN THE PAST. REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTERACTION HAS BEEN MINIMAL IN THE PAST.

3. ©2010, TESCC URBANIZATION THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIES THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIES 79%- CONTINENT-WIDE IN SOUTH AMERICA 79%- CONTINENT-WIDE IN SOUTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA’S INCREASE BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASE” AND INTERNAL MIGRATION SOUTH AMERICA’S INCREASE BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASE” AND INTERNAL MIGRATION MAJOR CITIES INCLUDE: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Sao Paolo, Brazil Buenos Aires, Argentina Santiago, Chile

4. ©2010, TESCC Agriculture In South America Mostly in the South: Mostly in the South: –Fruit & specialized crops –Mixed Livestock/Crops –Grain Farming Subsistence Crops/Livestock (Throughout) Subsistence Crops/Livestock (Throughout) Mediterranean Agriculture (Central Chile) Mediterranean Agriculture (Central Chile) Plantation (Tropical coastal fringe) Plantation (Tropical coastal fringe) Traditional Cultivation (In Andes Mountains) Traditional Cultivation (In Andes Mountains) Shifting Cultivation (Amazon Basin) Shifting Cultivation (Amazon Basin) Livestock Ranching (Primarily Brazil and Argentina) Livestock Ranching (Primarily Brazil and Argentina) Non-agriculture areas (Western coast) Non-agriculture areas (Western coast)

5. ©2010, TESCC Natural Resources Natural Resources   Venezuela’s Orinoco River area contains 11 percent of the world’s gold.   Brazil is also rich in gold, and Peru is known for its silver deposits.   Chile is the world’s leading exporter of copper.   Geographic inaccessibility, lack of capital-money, and social and political divisions hinder fuller development and distribution of natural resources in Latin America.

6. ©2010, TESCC CULTURE SPHERES Plantation Locations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar. Locations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar.

7. ©2010, TESCC CULTURE SPHERES European-commercial The most European part of South America The most European part of South America Includes the Pampas - temperate grasslands Includes the Pampas - temperate grasslands Economically most advanced Economically most advanced

8. ©2010, TESCC CULTURE SPHERES Indigenous- Subsistence Farming Correlates with the former Inca Empire Correlates with the former Inca Empire Includes some of South America’s poorest areas Includes some of South America’s poorest areas Subsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges: Mountains, deserts, rainforest Subsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges: Mountains, deserts, rainforest

9. ©2010, TESCC CULTURE SPHERES Mestizo-transitional Surrounds the Indigenous- subsistence region Surrounds the Indigenous- subsistence region A zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturally A zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturally Transition zones Transition zones

10. ©2010, TESCC CULTURE SPHERES Undifferentiated Characteristics are difficult to classify. Characteristics are difficult to classify. Sparsely populated (deserts and rainforest) Sparsely populated (deserts and rainforest) Isolation and lack of development Isolation and lack of development

11. ©2010, TESCC SUB-REGIONS BRAZIL NORTH  COLOMBIA  VENEZUELA  GUYANA  SURINAME  FRENCH GUIANA SOUTH  ARGENTINA  CHILE  URUGUAY  PARAGUAY WEST  PERU  ECUADOR  BOLIVIA

12. ©2010, TESCC THE NORTH (CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA) VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, GUYANA, SURINAME, FRENCH GUIANA VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, GUYANA, SURINAME, FRENCH GUIANA REGIONAL CHARACTER: COASTAL LOCATIONS, EARLY EUROPEAN PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT, FORCED MIGRATION OF BLACK LABORERS REGIONAL CHARACTER: COASTAL LOCATIONS, EARLY EUROPEAN PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT, FORCED MIGRATION OF BLACK LABORERS VENEZUELA – 26.1 MILLION PEOPLE VENEZUELA – 26.1 MILLION PEOPLE  OIL FROM LAKE MARACAIBO IS CHIEF RESOURCE  CARACUS & VALENCIA - KEY CITIES

13. ©2010, TESCC CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA (CONTINUED) COLOMBIA – 45.2 MILLION PEOPLE COLOMBIA – 45.2 MILLION PEOPLE  COFFEE, OIL & COAL - MAJOR EXPORTS  COCAINE - LEADING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY  TORN BY INTERNAL VIOLENCE  BOGOTA & MEDELLIN - MAJOR CITIES THE GUIANAS (FRENCH GUIANA, GUYANA, SURINAME) - POPULATIONS< 1.5 MILLION THE GUIANAS (FRENCH GUIANA, GUYANA, SURINAME) - POPULATIONS< 1.5 MILLION  ETHNICALLY DIVERSE  POVERTY STRICKEN

14. ©2010, TESCC THE WEST (ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA)  PERU, ECUADOR, BOLIVIA  REGIONAL CHARACTER: INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS, SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE, MOUNTAINOUS ENVIRONMENTS, POVERTY  PERU – 27.7 MILLION PEOPLE  LIMA IS ITS PRIMATE CITY  ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - FISHING, IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE, SUGAR, COTTON, RICE, FRUIT, OIL, MINERALS

15. ©2010, TESCC ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA (CONTINUED) ECUADOR - 13.6 MILLION PEOPLE ECUADOR - 13.6 MILLION PEOPLE  MAIN EXPORTS: OIL, COFFEE, CACAO, BANANAS  GUAYAQUIL - LARGEST CITY AND COMMERCIAL CENTER  QUITO - CAPITAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER BOLIVIA – 9.2 MILLION PEOPLE BOLIVIA – 9.2 MILLION PEOPLE LANDLOCKED AND POVERTY STRICKEN  MAIN EXPORTS: TIN AND ZINC

16. ©2010, TESCC Ecuador Has major settlements in the Andean basins Has major settlements in the Andean basins Steady increase in the proportion of Ecuadoran population locating in the lower slopes and the coastal areas Steady increase in the proportion of Ecuadoran population locating in the lower slopes and the coastal areas Oil has begun to be extracted from the eastern side of Ecuador in the tropical lowlands that drain into the Amazon River. Oil has begun to be extracted from the eastern side of Ecuador in the tropical lowlands that drain into the Amazon River.

17. ©2010, TESCC Peru Home of the Incas, whose empire extended over 2,000 miles through Andean South America. Home of the Incas, whose empire extended over 2,000 miles through Andean South America. The Lost City of the Incas, known now as Machu Picchu, represents a well- constructed ceremonial center and city that had reached its peak well before Columbus began his first voyage. The Lost City of the Incas, known now as Machu Picchu, represents a well- constructed ceremonial center and city that had reached its peak well before Columbus began his first voyage. The potato was domesticated in Peru and moved into active Old World trade after the arrival of the Europeans. The potato was domesticated in Peru and moved into active Old World trade after the arrival of the Europeans.

18. ©2010, TESCC Bolivia South America's poorest country South America's poorest country Landlocked high in the Andes with its capital, La Paz, located at 12,000 feet (3,700 m) Landlocked high in the Andes with its capital, La Paz, located at 12,000 feet (3,700 m) The Bolivian mine at Potosi produced nearly one-half of the world's silver in the 16th century as a result of the enormous investment of Native American labor and, later, African slaves in mining and refining precious metals for world trade. The Bolivian mine at Potosi produced nearly one-half of the world's silver in the 16th century as a result of the enormous investment of Native American labor and, later, African slaves in mining and refining precious metals for world trade.

19. ©2010, TESCC THE SOUTH (MID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA) THE SOUTHERN CONE: ARGENTINA, CHILE, PARAGUAY, URUGUAY THE SOUTHERN CONE: ARGENTINA, CHILE, PARAGUAY, URUGUAY HEART OF EUROPEAN-COMMERCIAL CULTURE SPHERE HEART OF EUROPEAN-COMMERCIAL CULTURE SPHERE ARGENTINA - 37.3 MILLION PEOPLE ARGENTINA - 37.3 MILLION PEOPLE  90% URBANIZED, PERIPHERAL  BUENOS AIRES - PRIMATE CITY  EXPORTS: CEREALS, MEATS, VEGETABLE OILS

20. ©2010, TESCC THE SOUTH: MID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA (CONTINUED) URUGUAY - 3.4 MILLION PEOPLE URUGUAY - 3.4 MILLION PEOPLE  MONTEVIDEO - PRIMATE CITY  MOST EUROPEAN OF SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES  EXPORTS: HIDES, MEATS,TEXTILES PARAGUAY – 6.3 MILLION PARAGUAY – 6.3 MILLION  95% MESTIZO  LANDLOCKED LOCATION CHILE – 16 MILLION CHILE – 16 MILLION  AN “ELONGATED STATE”  EXPORTS: COPPER AND NITRATES

21. ©2010, TESCC Argentina Second largest nation in South America Second largest nation in South America Major urban growth along the coast and in the plain of the Rio de la Plata Major urban growth along the coast and in the plain of the Rio de la Plata The agricultural productivity of the pampas - the dominant grasslands - of the interior that largely defines Argentina The agricultural productivity of the pampas - the dominant grasslands - of the interior that largely defines Argentina Beef and wheat - major Argentine export commodities Beef and wheat - major Argentine export commodities