1. Matter and Change

2. Chemistry:
Study and investigation of the structure and properties of matter
Chemical
all types of matter
Branches of Chemistry:
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3. There are only two things in our universe:
Matter and Energy

4. Matter anything that occupies space and has mass
anything that exhibits inertia (resistance to changes in motion (speed and direction)

5. Matter Defined Anything that takes up space (volume) and has mass
Volume is the space an object occupies
Mass is the amount of matter in an object
Inertia can also be used to define matter – resistance to change in motion; directly proportional to amount of matter

6. Properties of Matter Matter can be defined based on its PROPERTIES
Properties are characteristics or behaviors of matter
Properties are classified as
Physical
Chemical
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7. Physical Properties of Matter
Can be measured or observed without changing the material’s composition
Examples include density, color, odor, hardness, taste, melting point, and boiling point
Physical properties can be further classified as INTENSIVE or EXTENSIVE

8. Extensive Physical Properties
Extensive properties are dependent upon the amount of material present
Examples include mass, length, volume and solubility

9. Intensive Physical Properties
Intensive physical properties DO NOT depend on the amount of material present
Examples include density, color, state, melting point, and boiling point

10. Examples of Physical Properties:
Malleability
Ductility
Luster
Odor
Hardness
Refractive Index
Crystalline shape
Specific heat capacity
Conductivity – electrical or heat

11. Chemical Properties of Matter
Properties which describe the ability of a substance to combine or change into one or more substances during a chemical reaction
Describes what a material CAN DO if the conditions are favorable for a reaction to occur
Examples include the ability of iron to rust, the ability of silver to tarnish, the ability of gasoline to burn and give off heat/energy

12. Properties of Matter

13. States of Matter
There are five states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma and Bose-Einstein’s condensate.
The state of matter is dependent upon the pressure and temperature at which the matter exists
The state of matter is a PHYSICAL PROPERTY of the matter

14. Solids Have a definite shape and volume
Particles are packed close together and vibrate weakly about fixed positions
Not compressible
Particles have low kinetic energy

15. Liquids Have a definite volume, no definite shape and can flow
Particles can move and slide
Particles are very close together so liquids are practically non-compressible
Particles have more kinetic energy that solids

16. Gases No definite shape No definite volume
Particles move rapidly in all directions; low attractive forces between particles
Higher kinetic energy than solid or liquid
Highly compressible

17. Plasma Made up of ionized gas particles
Most abundant state of matter in the universe
Occurs in stars, lightning bolts, fluorescent lights
Typically occur at temperatures over 5000 degrees C. at normal pressures

18. Bose - Einstein’s Condensate
Confirmed in 1995
(2001 Nobel prize – MIT researcher)
Individual atoms meld into a super atom
Occurs at a few billionths of a degree above 0 K
Important in superconductivity research

19. Physical Changes in Matter
Changes that DO NOT produce new substances
Examples include tearing a sheet of paper, bending a piece of metal, grinding a solid
ALL PHASE CHANGES ARE PHYSICAL CHANGES
Boiling
Freezing
Condensing

20. Chemical Changes in Matter
Changes in matter which produce new substances with new and different properties
The chemical composition of the products is different from the chemical composition of the reactants
Examples include iron rusting, wood burning, digestion of food
Law of Conservation of Mass applies

21. Signs of chemical change:
Light
Heat
Gas Release
Precipitation
Electricity

22. Classification of Matter

23. Pure Substances Made up of only one kind of atom or molecule
Have uniform composition
Homogeneous
Elements and Compounds
Organic or Inorganic
Organic – Carbon compds.

24. Pure Substances Elements: aluminum, gold, carbon
Compounds: salt, baking soda, water

25. Elements Simplest type of matter made of one type of atoms
115 known (about 90 naturally occurring)
Elements arranged according to increasing atomic mass and recurring properties in PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Periodic table created by Mendeleev, refined by Mosely and Seaborg
Each element has unique one or two letter symbol

26. Compounds Chemical combinations of two or more elements
Most familiar substances are compounds (10 million known)
Law of Definite Composition applies to compounds (formulas)
Law of Multiple Proportions = whole number ratios

27. Mixtures: 2 or more kinds of matter Composition is variable
Each component retains its own properties

28. Heterogeneous Mixtures
Physically distinct parts (phases) with different properties separated by interfaces
Composition is NOT uniform
May form layers
Examples include blood, whole milk, granite, and chocolate chip cookies

29. Homogeneous Mixtures Uniform composition Contains only 1 phase
Liquid homogeneous mixtures are also called SOLUTIONS
Solid homogeneous mixtures of metals are ALLOYS
Examples include air, vinegar, salt water, and Sprite

30. Separation of Matter Elements – cannot be broken down
Compounds – can be broken down by chemical methods into simpler compounds and/or elements
Mixtures – can be separated by physical means; method of separation depends on the properties of the matter

31. Separation Techniques
Evaporation
Distillation
Chromatography
Density
Centrifuge
Filtration
Fractional crystallization

32. Nuclear Changes:
A new substance is formed by changing the identity of the atom
Protons and neutrons are changed in the nucleus
Mass may be converted to energy or vice versa
Examples:
Fission
Fusion
Radioactive Decay

33. Energy changes: Chemical potential energy:
Energy stored in a substance because of its composition
Converted to other forms of energy in a chemical change

34. Energy may be transformed from one type to another:
Electric
Mechanical
Chemical
Light
Sound
Heat