1. Byzantine Empire & The Crusades

2. Where are We?

3. Reign of Justinian  Ruled the Byzantine Empire  Wanted to reunite the Roman Empire  Justinian’s Code – he re-wrote the Roman laws passed by Roman assemblies or decreed by Roman emperors and judges  He had power over the Church  Constantinople falls to the Turks, it is renamed Istanbul, and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire and a center of Muslim culture Hagia Sophia, a Roman church rebuilt by Justinian

4. Christianity Differs East - Byzantine  Highest Church officials, patriarchs, appointed by the Emperor  Byzantine clergy were allowed to marry  Language = Greek  Easter was more important Western Europe  Clergy appointed by Church  Clergy gave up marriage & luxuries  Language = Latin  Emphasized celebration of Christmas

5. Schism  The Byzantine emperor put a ban on using icons (holy images) of Jesus and the Virgin Mary in worship.  The Pope in the West condemned the Byzantine Patriarch, the Pope & Patriarch excommunicated each other, leading to a schism (split) in Christianity.  Greek Orthodox Church in the East and Roman Catholic Church in the West Pope Benedict presents a book at the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, 15 May 2009

6. Crusades  Byzantine Emperor calls on the Pope for help defending Muslims from the Holy Lands (Jerusalem).  Pope Urban II encourages Christians & knights to fight in a holy war First Crusade: Holy city is seized by Christians after a massacre Second Crusade: Holy City falls to Muslim forces led by Saladin Third Crusade: Negotiation - pilgrims allowed to access Jerusalem

7. The Crusades’ effect on Spain  Christians pushed Muslims and Jews out of Spain, and Queen Isabella ended the religious tolerance that had been practiced under Muslim rule.  The Church set up the inquisition, a court that tried people accused of heresy. Jews & Muslims guilty of practicing their religions would be punished by government officials.  If anyone tried to avoid practicing Christianity, they would be burned at the stake.  150,000 Muslims & Jews left Spain