1. 1.Find two ways to group these animals. 2.What characteristics did you use for each of your classifications?

2. Section 1 Check Question 1 How did Aristotle group organisms such as birds, bats, and insects? D. by their homologous structures C. by their common species B. by their analogous structures A. by their common genus

3. Section 1 Check The answer is B. The organisms were grouped together because of their wings, which, in this case, are analogous structures.

4. Section 1 Check Question 2 Which taxon contains the fewest species? D. phylum C. order B. family A. genus The answer is A, genus.

5. Section 1 Check Question 4 What is the difference between “classification” and “taxonomy?” Answer Classification is the grouping of objects or information based on similarities. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies and names organisms based on their different characteristics.

6. Section 1 Check Question 5 What are the two parts that make up binomial nomenclature? Answer Binomial nomenclature comprises a genus name followed by a specific epithet.

8. Today, you will create your own mythological beast, and classify it using taxonomic nomenclature. Some things to remember: You must give the characteristics of your mythological beast, such as: what it eats, how it reproduces, family structure, lifespan, dimorphisms Your beast must be a composite of between four and six other animals You must classify your beast according to all its characteristics (Use the computer) using complete taxonomic nomenclature Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

9. For Example: Medusa was part woman, and part snake. In some stories, she has rattles at the end of her tail. Instead of hair, she has a head full of snakes. Her taxonomic nomenclature might be: Domain:Eukarya Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class:Reptilia/Mammalia Order:Squamata/Primata Family:Viperidae/Hominidae Genus:Crotalus/Homo Species:willardi/sapiens Medusa is a female species, who is so ugly she can turn anyone who looks at her directly to stone. She eats humans. She reproduces once in her life with a male rattlesnake, and has a litter of up to 100 (females only). She is a solitary organism, as no other can stand to be with her. She is immortal, and can only be killed by looking at herself in a mirror. As she is one of a kind, there is no dimorphism.

10. Section 2 Objectives – page 450 Section Objectives Explain how classification reveals evolutionary relationships. Describe how evolutionary relationships are determined. Compare the six kingdoms of organisms.

11. All living things are classified into one of 6 kingdoms. The six kingdoms are: 1. Eubacteria (Monera) 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia 2. Archaebacteria (Monera)

12. Section 17.2 Summary – pages 450-459 The six kingdoms of organisms are: archaebacteria eubacteria protists fungi plants animals In general, differences in cellular structures and methods of obtaining energy are the two main characteristics that distinguish among the members of the six kingdoms. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms

14. Until recently bacteria and archaebacteria were together in the kingdom Monera. Because of discoveries over the last 20 years scientists have decided that they are so different that they should have their own kingdom. Archaebacteria Eubacteria

15. Each Kingdom has a set of characteristics that bind the organisms in that group together. These characteristics are not ‘rules’ but more like guidelines.

16. Eubacteria Cell Structure: Prokaryotic (small and simple) cells No nucleus (brain of the cell) No organelles (tiny organs of the cell) Single-celled – only 1 cell big / unicellular Size: Microscopic

17. Environments: Found in most common environments – water, soil, mouth … FYI: one of the oldest and most successful groups of organisms on earth Nutrients: Most bacteria cannot make their own food and therefore must live in or on other organisms Eubacteria Useful bacterium. Bacteria, such as Lactobacillus bulgaricus, which turns milk into yogurt, can be useful to humans.

18. Eubacteria Although some eubacteria cause diseases, such as strep throat and pneumonia, most bacteria are harmless and many are actually helpful. Lactobacillus casei Streptococcus

19. Cell Structure: Prokaryotic cells No nucleus No organelles Single celled Size: Microscopic Archaebacteria

20. Environments: Usually found ‘extreme’ environments Such as highly acidic lakes, the bottom of the ocean, in ice flows, or in boiling hot mud or water Archaebacteria

21. FYI: one of the oldest and most successful groups of organisms on earth Nutrients: Most archaebacteria have to digest chemicals not useable (toxic) by other organisms Archaebacteria

22. Cell Structure: Eukaryotic cells Has a nucleus Has organelles Often multi-cellular but sometimes single celled They lack complex organ systems Size: Microscopic/ Macroscopic Protists

24. Environments: Found in most common ponds, lakes environments. FYI: This is the ‘catch all’ kingdom. If an organism does not fit into another kingdom it often winds up here. Nutrients: Many protists make their own food, but some cannot. Protists

25. Some are plant-like autotrophs, some are animal-like heterotrophs, and others are fungus-like heterotrophs that produce reproductive structures like those of fungi.

26. Fungi Cell Structure: Eukaryotic cells Has a nucleus Has organelles Most are Multi-cellular Size: Macroscopic

27. Environments: Found in most moist and warm areas, often near dead material FYI: Used to be classified with plants but now we know they are different enough to have their own kingdom. Nutrients: Cannot make their own food so fungi must live on or in organic materials – athlete’s foot, ring worm, diaper rash Fungi

28. Plantae Cell Structure: Eukaryotic cells Has a nucleus Has organelles Multi-cellular Has a large vacuole Has a cell wall Size: Macroscopic

29. Plantae Environments: Found in most areas where freshwater and sunlight can be found Nutrients: Are able to make their own food by harnessing energy from the sun

30. Plantae FYI: Many organisms depend on plants because they have the ability to make food using the energy from the sun = photosynthesis

31. Animalia Cell Structure: Eukaryotic cells Has a nucleus Has organelles – mitochondria, ER, lysosomes Multi-cellular Size: Macroscopic

32. Environments: Found in most areas where they can find other organisms to eat. Animalia

33. FYI: Most animals have some sort of nervous system and the majority of animal species live in oceans. Nutrients: Cannot make their own food so animals must eat plants, hunt, filter feed, or scavenge for food. Animalia

34. Section 2 Check Why do taxonomists use Latin names for classification? Question 1 Answer Latin is no longer used in conversation and, therefore, does not change.

35. Chapter Assessment Question 2 Which taxon contains the others? D. family C. genus B. class A. order The answer is B.

36. Chapter Assessment Question 3 Which of the following pairs of terms is NOT related? D. Aristotle – evolutionary relationships C. biology – taxonomy B. binomial nomenclature – Linnaeus A. specific epithet – genus The answer is D.

37. Chapter Assessment Question 4 Which of the following is NOT true of both the animal and plant kingdoms? D. cells contain cell walls C. cells are organized into tissues B. tissues are organized into organs A. both contain organisms made up of cells The answer is D.

38. Chapter Assessment Question 5 How do organisms in the fungi kingdom obtain energy? They absorb nutrients.

39. Chapter Assessment Question 6 What is the difference between the habitats of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria? Archaebacteria live in extreme environments.