1. Piracy threatened lives and trade British government sent gunboats to patrol and fight piracy Effectiveness : Was able to destroy many pirates’ ships and hideouts Invention of steamships marked the most success Effectiveness : Steamships did not depend on wind and could sail against the wind so could sail anytime They also sailed very fast and so end of middle 19 th century, piracy was less of a threat

2. Problems maintaining Law and Order Too few policemen because too few wanted to join the police force Policemen were poorly equipped and paid so they took bribes The force was made up of Malays and Indians and could not speak Chinese dialects so could not get information from them  (a) Increased the pay of policemen  (b) Provided proper training (c) Employed officials who could speak Malay and Chinese dialects, for example, Thomas Dunman the first police Commissioner of Singapore (d) 1862, the Detective Branch was set up and 1906, Chinese detectives were recruited (e) Chinese Protectorate was set up and William Pickering became the first Protector in May 1877

3. Problems the Chinese Protectorate Faced (a) The Chinese Societies were unchecked because they were not registered (b) Rivalry within the Chinese community resulted in they going to the Secret Societies to resolve problems  (a) All Chinese societies had to register with the Chinese Protectorate so that the Chinese society leaders maintained law and order  (b) The Chinese community was persuaded to settle their quarrels at the Chinese Protectorate so that they did not have to go to Secret Societies. This weakened their power.

4. ( c)Coolie trade was not controlled and living conditions were not monitored (d) The Chinese Societies did not trust the British government (e) Women were abused because were sent to brothels or as servants (c) Chinese Protectorate officers visited every coolie ship so that the people would not be under the mercy of the coolie-traders and visited coolie houses to ensure that they were treated fairly (d) As Pickering spoke Chinese, he was able to built the trust between the British and the community (e) Set up the Po Leung Kuk which rescued young girls from being sold to brothels and provided shelter to abused servants