1. Landform Geography Weathering Mass Wasting Events

2. Weathering Process by which rocks break down into smaller pieces Two Primary Types: Mechanical (or physical) – cold, dry environments Chemical – warm, moist environments

3. Mechanical Weathering Destruction of rock through physical stresses Rocks break into small pieces – surface area of rock increases – even greater weathering Types: –Frost Wedging –Impact of Roots –Temperature Fluctuations –Salt Crystal Growth –Exfoliation

4. Frost Wedging

5. Impact of Roots

6. Temperature Fluctuations

7. Salt Crystal Growth

8. Exfoliation

9. Chemical Weathering Changes rock by altering its chemical composition – water particularly important Types: –Hydrolysis –Oxidation –Carbonation –Acid Rain

10. Hydrolysis

11. Oxidation

12. Carbonation

13. Acid Rain Coal-burning power plants in Midwest emit sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) & nitrogen oxides (NO x ) SO 2 & NO x mix with water in clouds to form sulfuric or nitric acid Clouds move east where acid rain falls Acid rain accelerates chemical weathering Acid rain can also harm lakes & forests Regulation has cut acid emissions dramatically

14. Effects of Acid Rain The ecological effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in the aquatic, or water, environments, such as streams, lakes, and marshes. Most lakes and streams have a pH between 6 and 8, although some lakes are naturally acidic even without the effects of acid rain. Buffering capacity Nitrogen is an important factor in causing eutrophication (oxygen depletion) of water bodies.

15. Mass Wasting Large volumes of sediment moving down hill slopes under force of gravity Types:

16. Solifluction

17. Earth Flow

18. Mudflow

19. Debris Flow

20. Slump

21. Debris Slide

22. Soil Creep

23. Rockfall

24. Avalanche