1. Have your tea and drink it too! Chris Nierstrasz (University of Warwick)

2. Introduction How did the trade of rogue companies, private traders and smugglers popularise the consumption of tea in Western Europe (1700- 1760)?

3. Introduction When did tea become a drink for all layers of society?

4. Introduction Rogue companies Private trade Smugglers VOC and EIC

5. The globalisation of tea trade

6. Graph J: The income from sales of tea (in pound), EIC and VOC, 1721-1760

7. The globalisation of tea trade Graph C: Total imports of tea by the EIC and the VOC in kg, 1721-1760

8. Different approach Comparison across companies Tea is 5 to 7 different types of tea See the alternative trades: private trade and smuggling

9. The popularisation of tea 1680-1735: Direct trade Arrival of competition: French, Ostend, Swedish and Danish East India Company VOC embrace black tea Chinese increase cultivation of black tea VOC innovates with pepper and tin for tea

10. The popularisation of tea 1680-1735: Direct trade: held responsible for price drop Arrival of competition: direct and indirect influence on the increased volume of tea brought to Europe

11. The popularisation of tea 1680-1735: Strategies or the mix of tea

12. The popularisation of tea Graph D: Percentage of different tea in the return cargos of the EIC (1721- 1778)

13. The popularisation of tea Graph E: Percentage of different tea in the return cargos of the VOC (1721-1778)

14. The popularisation of tea Graph A: Invoice value (in pounds) of EIC tea per English pound lbs (1721-1760)

15. The popularisation of tea Graph H: The invoice price of Green tea, Singlo, Bing and Hyson paid by the EIC in Canton, pound per lbs (1715-1760)

16. The popularisation of tea Graph I: The invoice price of Black tea, Bohea, Congo and Peko, paid by the EIC in Canton, pound per lbs (1715-1759)

17. The battle for popular tea 1741-1760 Private trade on VOC ships EIC abandoned green tea strategy EIC adopted a combination of direct trade and VOC strategy The Chinese Junk trade to Batavia declined VOC intensified its trade with China

18. The battle for popular tea 1741-1750 EIC abandons green tea strategy (1747) The taxation on tea causes the EIC to innovate later in the tea trade But why then?

19. The battle for popular tea 1741-1750 EIC Tea trade falls behind

20. The battle for popular tea Smuggling Difference in sales price leads to smuggling into England of tea brought by all other companies Smuggling mostly entails bohea tea 1744-1745 sales of EIC fall to such extend that tax is taken off

21. The battle for popular tea Tea on licence: Tea brought in from Dutch Republic Tea connected to all the different companies

22. The battle for popular tea 1741-1760 Private trade on VOC ships Before 1741: not quantifiable, but traceable After 1741: quantifiable, linked to Chinese Junk trade, Bohea tea

23. The battle for popular tea Graph K: Import of tea, VOC official trade and VOC on recognition, lbs (1740- 1760)

24. The battle for popular tea

25. 1741-1760 EIC changes its strategy: Invested more silver Continued old direct trade with two ships And adopted strategy of the VOC, pepper for tea

26. The battle for popular tea 1741-1760 VOC changed its strategy: Invested more silver for pepper More VOC trade with China (the China committee)

27. The battle for popular tea 1741-1760 The Chinese junk trade and private trade to the Republic declines as Chinese do not need to get in Batavia anymore

28. The battle for popular tea 1741-1760 The EIC takes a bite out of the competition and forces the VOC to increase its own tea exports to the Republic

29. Conclusion