1. The lord’s estate was called: – Castle – Manor – Fief – Home The code of ________________ was the behavior code a Knight was expected to follow. – Bushido – Chivalry – Conduct – Excommunication The following system of government was based on the exchange of land for protection and services: – Democracy – Republic – Monarchy – Feudalism What were the forces holding feudal society together? – Set of mutual social obligations and the teachings of the Church – Loyalty to country and belief in God – Pride in their Roman heritage and a thriving economic system – The code of chivalry, the laws of Rome, and the teachings of the Church

2. Chapter 13 and 14

3. Pope Archbishop BishopBishopBishop PriestPriestPriestPriestPriestPriestPriest Commoner Commoner Commoner Commoner CommonerCommoner Commoner

5.  Began with crowning of Charlemagne  Otto I united Germany and part of Italy into Holy Roman Empire (900’s-1100’s)  Church was not happy with:  German power over Italy  Use of lay investiture: ceremony in which kings and noble appointed church officials  Use of simony: the selling of positions in the church  1075: Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture

6.  After Gregory banned lay investiture, Henry ordered him to step down  Gregory then excommunicated Henry  Henry went to Canossa in January 1077 and stood barefoot in the snow for three days to beg Gregory’s forgiveness  The showdown didn’t solve anything  1122: Concordat of Worms: compromise saying Church could appoint Bishops but emperor could veto

7.  Popes worked to bring positive change  Curia: papal advisors that acted as a court, developed canon law  Collected tithes: 1/10 th of family income; used to care for sick and poor, improve church  Gothic architecture emerged (1100’s): use of light, sculpture, wood carvings, stained glass to inspire worshiper

9. Canon Law: Definition: Canon law is the church law which governs matters such as marriage and religious practices. Courts were established to try people accused of violating canon law. Punishment #1 Excommunication Banishment from the Church and denial of salvation. Punishment #2 Interdict Withholding sacraments from a kingdom because of a disobedient ruler. This tool was used to force the ruler to give in to the pope in order to keep his people happy.

10.  1305: French pope moved from Rome to Avignon, France  1378: Italian Urban VI chosen; cardinals regretted this and elected Clement VII; now there were two popes  Great Schism: division of the church resulting from having a pope in Avignon and a pope in Rome  Finally forced to resign and a new pope was chosen, but papacy greatly weakened

11.  John Wycliffe: preached Jesus Christ, not pope, was true head of Church. Felt clergy should not own land or wealth; Bible alone was final authority in Christian life. Translated Bible into English.  Jan Hus: Taught authority of Bible was higher than that of the pope. Excommunicated in 1412, burned at stake in 1415.