1. The Rise of Islam

2. Islam How can we contrast Islam with traditional Arabian religion?
How can we compare/contrast Islam with Judaism and Christianity?
How can we compare/contrast Islamic and Christian policies toward those of other faiths in their respective lands?

3. Islam
Relevant Terms
Ummah
Ulama
Imam
Mosque

4. Islam The Arabian Peninsula Desert Home of the Arabs
No centralized authority
Pastoral nomads
Loyal to tribes

5. Islam Arabian Religion during the Jahiliyah Polytheistic Divination
Jinn
Al-Uzza, Al-Lat, Manat

6. Islam

7. Islam Mecca Commercial center Ka’ba: then a pagan shrine
Controlled by Quraysh
Ka’ba

8. Islam
Monotheism in Arabia
Judaism
Christianity
Hanifs

9. Islam Muhammad (570-632) Orphan, of Quraysh
Involved in Meccan caravan trade
Pious, influenced by hanifs?
Night of Power (ca. 610)  Prophet of Islam
Muhammad visited by Gabriel

10. Islam Muslim Era Begins Gained some converts
Overall response: negative  danger!
Prophet invited to Medina
The Hijra (622): Muhammad, ummah emigrated

11. Islam In Medina Muhammad became statesman City converted
Unbelieving Jews expelled
Raids on Meccan caravans launched
Muhammad addressing believers in Medina

12. Islam Battle of Badr (March 15, 624)
Began as Muslim attempt to intercept very wealthy caravan
1,000 Meccans vs. 300 Muslims
Muslim victory!

13. Islam The Return to Mecca (630)
Quraysh had violated Treaty of Hudaybiyya (made 628)
Muslims marched on Mecca
City surrendered
Muhammad cleansed Ka’ba
March on Mecca

14. Islam
Questions?

15. Islam The Quran Muhammad’s revelations Significant teachings
Absolute monotheism
Jesus: “apostle”
“People of the Book”
Judgment  Paradise, Hell
Make war on unbelievers
Jihad

16. Islam Other Sources of Authority for Islam Sunnah (“path”)
Religious practices established by Muhammad
Basis of Islamic social, legal customs
Hadith (“news”)
Records of Muhammad’s sayings
Attributed to his companions

17. Islam The Five Pillars Shahadah Salat (prayer) Ramadan
“There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His Prophet”
Salat (prayer)
Ramadan
Zakat (alms levy)
Hajj (pilgrimage)

18. Islam
Talbiyah
"Labbayk, Allahumma Labbayk. Labbayk. La shareeka laka. Labbayk. Innal-hamda wan-n'imata laka wal-mulk. La shareeka lak.“
“Here we come, O God, here we come! Here we come. No partner have You. Here we come! Praise indeed, and blessings, are Yours---the Kingdom too! No partner have You!”

19. Islam
Hajj ritual of stoning Satan, at Mina

20. Islam Status of Women First convert: Khadijah (d. 620) In the Quran
Men superior to women
Infanticide banned
Polygyny permitted
Some inheritance rights
Quran’s reforms not always implemented
Khadijah

21. Islam
Questions?

22. Islam
Islamic Conquests ( )

23. Islam The Battle of Tours/Poitiers (732)
Muslims advanced into Kingdom of the Franks
Halted by Charles Martel
Result: Muslim advance checked

24. Islam The Caliphate Muhammad died 632 Caliphs Prophet’s successors
First were early converts, from his inner circle (Rashidun)
Office: political, religious

25. Islam

26. Islam Division within the Ummah The fate of Ali (r. 656-661)
Muhammad’s cousin, husband of Fatima
Dedicated Muslim
Muhammad intended him to be successor?
Civil war between Ali and Mu’awiyah  Ali’s assassination
Aftermath: Sunni vs. Shi’ah

27. Islam

28. Islam Ruling the Caliphate: Shari’ah Sacred law of ummah
Purpose: regulate all activities
Sources: Quran, Sunnah, community consensus
Qadis: shari’ah judges
Individuals before a qadi

29. Islam Ruling the Empire: Status of Non-Muslims
Dhimmis: followers of religions tolerated by law; not forced to convert
Monotheist leaders relied on to manage their communities’ affairs
Faced discrimination (jizyah, etc.)

30. Islam Islamic Iberia Visigoths conquered between 711-16
Under emirs, at Córdoba
Muslims about 25% of population
Decent inter-religious relations
Not all Christians were content

31. Islam
Questions?

32. Islam The Great Civilization Sophisticated, advanced
Access to classical learning
Books, libraries
Contributed to science and math

33. Islam
Quran page with beginning of surah 18 (9th, early 10th cent.)

34. Islam Dome of the Rock (687-692)
Tribute to Islam’s triumph in Jerusalem
Erected on sacred site
Domed octagon

35. Islam
Dome of the Rock, interior

36. Islam
(Former) Great Mosque of Córdoba (begun 784), exterior

37. Islam
Prayer hall, (former) Great Mosque of Córdoba

38. Islam The Minaret Towers for muzzein Malwiya minaret (848-852)
At Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq
Spiral ramp

39. Islam
Questions?

40. Islam How can we contrast Islam with traditional Arabian religion?
How can we compare/contrast Islam with Judaism and Christianity?
How can we compare/contrast Islamic and Christian policies toward those of other faiths in their respective lands?

41. Primary Source Excerpts from the Quran What do we learn about God?
What is its teaching regarding idols?
What does it have in common with the Jewish-Christian Bible?
How does it differ from teachings of People of the Book?

42. Primary Source Muslim-Christian Debate What kind of source?
Who was involved, and their setting?
Tone of the debate?
Subjects discussed, and strategies used to argue points?
Is there an apparent “winner”?

43. Primary Source Accounts of Battle of Poitiers (Tours)
What kind of sources?
Who were the authors, and did their prejudices color the way they described this conflict?
Did you find anything unbelievable in their accounts?