1. Introduction to Genetics

3. The work of Gregor Mendel The work of Gregor Mendel Austrian monk who is the father of Genetics Genetics – the scientific study of heredity

4. Fertilization – when male and female reproductive cells join Male – pollen or sperm Female – eggs Gamete – the individual egg or sperm Seed/Zygote – fertilized egg

5. True-breeding – if they were allowed to self-breed they would have identical offspring Self-breeding – Sperm and egg from the same flower fertilize Cross-pollination Mendel took sperm from one true breeding plant and fertilized eggs from other true breeding plants

6. Genes and Dominance 7 Traits – a specific characteristic (examples: seed color, plant height, flower color, seed shape, etc…)

7. Genes – chemical factors that determine traits (Hair color) Alleles – different forms of traits (Brown hair, blue eyes)

8. Symbols Dominant Alleles Dominant Alleles Capital Letters Capital Letters Recessive Alleles Recessive Alleles Lower Case Letters

9. Heterozygous Heterozygous (different) Heterozygous (different) Gene pairs that carry one dominant and one recessive allele Gene pairs that carry one dominant and one recessive allele Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd

10. Homozygous Homozygous (same) Homozygous (same) Gene pairs that carry 2 dominant OR 2 recessive alleles Gene pairs that carry 2 dominant OR 2 recessive alleles AA, aa, BB, bb AA, aa, BB, bb

11. Phenotype Physical characteristics Tall or short Genotype Genetic makeup GG, Gg, or gg

12. Hybrids & Purebreds Hybrids receive different alleles from each parent (Hh, Bb, Zz) Hybrids receive different alleles from each parent (Hh, Bb, Zz) Purebreds receive the same alleles from each parent (HH, bb, ZZ) Purebreds receive the same alleles from each parent (HH, bb, ZZ)

13. Law of Dominance – some alleles are dominant and other are recessive Dominant traits will always show over recessive traits

14. Law of Segregation Two alleles separate when gametes are formed Did I get my genes from Grandpa or Grandma?

15. Law of Independent Assortment Gene pairs separate randomly and independently from each other during meiosis Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic variations observed in plants, animals, and other organisms.

16. Probability and Punnett Square Probability and Punnett Square Probability – the likelihood that a particular event will occur Past outcomes do not affect future outcomes

17. Probabilities predict averages, not exact outcomes Probability is more accurate when you have more chances