1. IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference “Spreading E-Mobility Everywhere” October 27-30, 2014 — Coimbra, Portugal http://www.vppc2014.org Diverse Influence Factors on the Range of Electric Vehicles Alex Van den Bossche 1 1 EELAB UGENT Gent, Belgium (Speaker)

2. 2 IEEE-VPPC’14 Introduction P tot = rolling loss+ drag loss + altitude increase + auxiliaries General view, not specific for electric vehicles Rolling losses get more important than drag losses around cities with low speed and traffic jams The weight of cars did increase a lot in the last 50 years, but the tendency is down again The auxiliaries did increase also but LEDs, improved fans, could reverse it

3. 3 IEEE-VPPC’14 Introduction P tot = rolling loss+ drag loss + altitude increase + auxiliaries Technical: Altitude and kinetic energy can be partly recovered in EV and HEV Higher efficiencies from plug to wheel Better electric motors, transistors SiC, GaN : III-IV semiconductors  mechanical losses get important for possible improvements ICE car driver: “Liter/100km” 1000 km range = average in altitude, wind Many times A-B and B-A BEV driver: From “A to B” “range anxiety”? Altitude, wind = more important Global: CO2, resources

4. 4 IEEE-VPPC’14 Rolling loss – tire life Rolling loss fitting Lifetime fitting (Michelin) (Continental) Equations for rolling (red) and lifetime (blue dashed)

5. 5 IEEE-VPPC’14 Proposed Collected tire-equation: temperature, pressure, load, tire drag: “all-in-one” Effect of temperature Collected tire-equation Influences: - Temperature, - Load, - Tire pressure - Tire drag

6. 6 IEEE-VPPC’14 Tire losses: speed and temperature effects From Collected tire equation: Rolling resistance coefficient Depending on speed in km/h At different tire temperatures Corresponding kWh/100km Depending on speed in km/h At different tire temperatures

7. 7 IEEE-VPPC’14 Drag and wind dependency Radiator drag = 2-4% of drag? Can be minimized in electric cars Wind dependency of the drag losses 2m 2, 1.225 kg/m 3 C d =0.3 In kWh/100km -- Note a factor 2 at 60km/h and 10km/h wind at vehicle height – - Temperature and pressure of air: not shown

8. 8 IEEE-VPPC’14 Drag and wind dependency Total view Radiator drag = 2-4% of drag? Can be minimized in electric cars Total view: Wt: total tire and drag, depending on temperature Wta: including 200W auxiliaries Wh1000: 1000m climbing in 100km Wacc: acceleration, 100 times/100km without revovery = 300 times/100 km with recovery

9. 9 IEEE-VPPC’14 Iron loss compared to roll and drag losses Relating roll and drag to iron losses If PM motors are designed well, The whole speed range van be reached at high efficiency (constant speed without hill or accelerations) Acceleration and hill climbing depends on copper resistance If M250-35A iron type is used. Two motors? No differential, no homokinetic coupling Each 10kg stator iron, 10 pole, 21kW continuous, 22kg motor, such as the PM150 [10]. fc [km/h] iron /motor [W] roll [W] drag [W] roll+drag [W] iron % 50Hz18323924542415.1 400Hz144470313923520266593.5 PM150

10. 10 IEEE-VPPC’14 Conclusion 1 Influence factors: Tires (temperature, pressure, load, rain), Drag force, (local wind, radiator Altitude change Number of fast braking items, auxiliaries.

11. 11 IEEE-VPPC’14 Conclusion 2 Message? Motors can be made with sufficiently low iron losses Compared to roll and drag losses Special attention: Auxiliaries and low speed efficiency Major improvements in future? Reduce weight, 3X : Roll, acceleration, hill climbing Now 1200kg but  <3kWh/100km in ultra-light: 100kg curb weight

12. 12 IEEE-VPPC’14 References 1.R EFERENCES 2.Bumin Meng, Yaonan Wang and Yimin Yang, Efficiency-Optimization Control of Extended Range Electric Vehicle Using Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine, Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2013 IEEE, 15-18 Oct. 2013, pp1-6. 3.T. Letrouvé, A. Bouscayrol, W. Lhomme and N. Dollinger, Benefits of a Double Parallel 4-Wheel-Drive HEV for Different Driving Cycles, Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2013 IEEE, 15-18 Oct. 2013, pp1-6. 4.Guangming Liu, Languang Lu, Jianqiu Li and Minggao Ouyang, Thermal Modeling of a LiFePO4/Graphite Battery and Research on the Influence of Battery Temperature Rise on EV Driving Range Estimation, Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2013 IEEE, 15-18 Oct. 2013, pp1-5 5.Paulo G. Pereirinha and João P. Trovão Multiple Energy Sources Hybridization: The Future of Electric Vehicles?, Chapter 8 of New Generation of Electric Vehicles, ISBN 978-953-51-0893-1, Published: December 19, 2012. 6.The tyre Rolling Resistance and Fuel Savings, Publisher: Société de Technologie Michelin, Clermont Ferrand 2003, 122pp. 7.Electric Car Tire Market & Technology Continental, http://www.conti- online.com/generator/www/de/en/continental/automobile /themes/news/meldungen/2011_launch_event/download/ e_car_tires.pdf 8.Michelin Green Tires: Improving Fuel Economy and Lowering CO2 Emissions, 76th Geneva show press kit. 9.Worldwide light vehicle test procedure, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Light_Test_Procedur e, read at 2014-4-30, 10.Data of M250-35A, material http://www.sura.se 11.Data of PMS150, http://www.heinzmann.com/jdownloads/electric-and- hybrid- drives/CAT_Electric_Drives_Product_Catalogue_e.pdf 12.Alex Van den Bossche, Peter Sergeant and Isabelle Hofman, Towards low energy mobility using light and ultralight electric vehicles, First International Conference On Electromechanical Engineering (ICEE - 2012) Skikda, 20-21 November 2012, keynote No2, 9pp. 13.Isabelle Hofman, Peter Sergeant and Alex Van den Bossche, Optimisation of Motor and Gearbox for an Ultra-light Electric Vehicle, FISITA 2014, June 2-6 J, 2014 Maastricht 7pp.