1. Titanium Particles Stimulate Bone Resorption by Inducing Differentiation of Murine Osteoclasts by Yanming Bi, R. Renee VanDeMotter, Ashraf A. Ragab, Victor M. Goldberg, James M. Anderson, and Edward M. Greenfield J Bone Joint Surg Am Volume 83(4):501-501 April 1, 2001 ©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

2. Conditioned media from murine marrow cells incubated with titanium particles increased the number of both tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells (MNC) and TRAP-positive mononuclear cells. Yanming Bi et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:501 ©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

3. The increased number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells (MNC) and TRAP-positive mononuclear cells induced by conditioned media from murine marrow cells incubated with titanium particles was due to increased osteoclast differentiation rather than to incre... Yanming Bi et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:501 ©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

4. The increased number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells (MNC) was dependent on the dose of the conditioned media from marrow cells incubated with titanium particles. Yanming Bi et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:501 ©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

5. Titanium particles increased the number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells (MNC) in a dose- dependent manner. Yanming Bi et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:501 ©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

6. Conditioned media from marrow cells incubated with titanium particles significantly increased the formation of resorption lacunae. Yanming Bi et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:501 ©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

7. The increase in the number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells (MNC) required direct contact between the marrow cells and the titanium particles (cpTi). Yanming Bi et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:501 ©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

8. Conditioned media from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or adherent monocytes incubated with titanium particles (cpTi) increased the number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells (MNC). Yanming Bi et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:501 ©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.