2. Gilded Age – Progressive Era

3. Gilded Age Gilded – cheap center covered w/ thin layer of gold (Mark Twain) Gov’t followed Laissez – Faire policies 1877-1900

4. Political Party Differences Republican Gold based $ High Tariffs $ for Union soldiers Aid to RR Limits on Immigrants Enforce Blue Laws Democrat Silver based $ Lower Tariffs High farm prices Less aid to RR Fewer Blue Laws

5. Presidents of the Gilded Age Rutherford Hayes Republican Ended Reconstruction Reformed Spoils System

6. Presidents of the Gilded Age James A Garfield Republican Killed by a lawyer, Charles Guiteau

8. Presidents of the Gilded Age Chester Arthur Republican Created Civil Service Commission Check qualifications

9. Presidents of the Gilded Age Grover Cleveland Democrat Gov’t control over RR

10. Presidents of the Gilded Age Benjamin Harrison Republican Sherman Anti Trust Act Country begins a Depression

11. Presidents of the Gilded Age Grover Cleveland Democrat Stops Pullman Strike Only Prez elected twice not in a row!

12. Presidents of the Gilded Age William McKinley Republican Increases US Tariffs Supported the Gold Standard

13. Presidents of the Gilded Age William McKinley Spanish – American War Annexation of Hawaii Killed during 2 nd term – Leon Czolgosz

15. Progressive Era 1890-1920 A variety of reforms were enacted at all levels Many Progressives believed that political action and reform were required for progress in society.

16. Progressives were not a single unified movement. Their efforts fell into four categories: The Progressives: Their Goals and Beliefs Social Reform Moral Reform Economic Reform Political Reform

17. Social Reform Government should be given expanded powers so that it could become more active in improving the lives of its citizens.

18. Social Reform Examples 1.Women’s rights –Suffrage (voting) –Owning Property –Divorce –Clothing –Birth Control

19. Women’s Reform Leaders Susan B Anthony – activist who worked towards gaining suffrage for women –Created National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

20. Women’s Reform Leaders Florence Kelley – activist who worked towards gaining better working conditions

21. Women’s Reform Leaders Alice Paul – radical activist who worked towards gaining suffrage for women –Created Congressional Union (CU): wanted an Amendment giving Women right to vote

22. Social Reform Examples 2. Protection of the Environment –Antiquities Act of 1906 »Allows President to designate National Monuments »Protect and Preserve Wildlife Areas

23. 3. Tenement Life Over Crowding of the Cities Poor Living Conditions Unsanitary Conditions Social Reform Examples

26. 4. Unsafe working conditions and Child Labor –Fewer Hours –Higher Wages –Safer Factories –Unions

27. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory operated on the top 3 floors of the 10 story Asch Building in New York City

28. Notice that the tallest ladders owned by the fire department only reach the 6 th floor In 1911, Unsafe working conditions lead to a deadly fire

29. Rather than burn alive in the swift moving fire, many women jump from windows

31. This is actually a photo of the building after the fire! Note how there is very little damage on the outside of the building

33. Eight months after the fire, a jury acquitted the factory owners, of any wrong doing. Twenty-three individual civil suits were brought against the owners of the Asch building. On March 11, 1913, three years after the fire, the owners settled. They paid 75 dollars per life lost. This tragedy led to a push for comprehensive safety and workers compensation laws.

34. Social Reform Examples 5. Safer Medicines –Restriction of Harmful Drugs –Proper Labeling –Government Approval of Future Drugs/Medicines

35. Patent Medicines Medicines at the turn of the century did not require a prescription. Making exaggerated claims, they were used for a variety of ailments. Many contained dangerous ingredients.

38. Cocaine was a common ingredient – even for children's medicines

39. Notice it's from the makers of Bayer Aspirin...

40. Social Reform Examples 6. Safer Food –Government Inspection of Food –Proper Labeling –Cleanliness Have you read “The Jungle”? yuck.

41. The Jungle Written by Upton Sinclair Talks about the horrors of the meat packing industry

46. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 Created Food and Drug Administration, responsibility of testing all foods and drugs destined for human consumption The requirement for prescriptions from licensed physicians before a patient could purchase certain drugs The requirement of label warnings on habit-forming drugs.

47. Meat Inspection Act of 1906 All animals were required to pass an inspection by the FDA prior to slaughter All carcasses were subject to a post- mortem inspection Cleanliness standards were established for slaughterhouses and processing plants.

48. Social Reform Examples 7.Civil Rights Movement African Americans were still fighting for basic rights guaranteed them in the Constitution

49. Problems African Americans fought Against Voter Restrictions –Poll Tax – Pay a fee to vote –Literacy Test – prove you could read & write to vote –Grandfather Clause – exempts a group of people from obeying a law provided they met certain conditions before law was passed

50. Problems African Americans fought Against Jim Crow Laws – System of laws that segregated public services by race

51. Problems African Americans fought Against Plessy v. Ferguson – “Separate but Equal” –Supreme Court ruled against Homer Plessy saying segregation was legal as long as separate facilities were equal

52. Problems African Americans fought Against Lynching – mob’s illegal seizure & execution of a person, usually by hanging

53. African American Leaders Booker T. Washington – encouraged African Am. To become educated & learn a trade

54. African American Leaders WEB DuBois – encouraged African Am. To attend college & become leaders; Also started NAACP

55. African American Leaders NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People –Worked through courts to gain equal rights for African Am.

57. Moral Reform Many felt the Morals of our society were at the root of many turn of the century problems. - Moral Reformers sought to promote Moral Improvements: End Prostitution End Gambling End Drunkenness Education for Children Americanization and Restriction of Immigrants

58. Economic Reformers sought to curb the power and influence of wealthy interests. Economic Reform »Monopolies »Trusts »Gap between Rich and Poor

59. Governments should become more efficient and less corrupt so that they can competently handle an expanded role. Political Reformers demanded Political Honesty and Accountability »Patronage/Spoils System »Only Politicians can introduce bills »Only Legislatures can pass laws »Only Courts can remove corrupt officials »Political Machines »Bribery Political Reform

60. The giving of jobs or other political favors to supporters – even if they are not qualified Even Presidents did it! …until… Patronage

61. Progressive Political Reforms BEFORE Party leaders chose candidates for state & local offices AFTER Direct Primaries – Voters select their party’s candidates

62. Progressive Political Reforms BEFORE State legislature chose US Senators AFTER 17 th Amendment – US Senators are elected by popular vote

63. Progressive Political Reforms BEFORE Only members of state legislature can introduce bills AFTER Initiative – Voters can put bills before the legislation

64. Progressive Political Reforms BEFORE Only legislatures pass laws AFTER Referendum – voters can vote on bills directly DE voters control raising school taxes

65. Progressive Political Reforms BEFORE Only courts or legislature can remove corrupt officials AFTER Recall – voters can remove elected officials from office

66. Progressive Political Reforms

67. MUCKRAKERS Journalists that exposed turn of the century problems such as illegal business activities, putrid food, quack medicines, squalid living conditions, dangerous working conditions, etc. The uncovering of these awful truths led progressives to demand changes.

68. Exposed the shameful living conditions in city tenements Exposed Big City Political Corruption Exposed the ruthless practices of big business Exposed the horrors of the meatpacking industry The Jungle History of Standard Oil SOME FAMOUS MUCKRAKERS How the Other Half Lives Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens Shame of the Cities Jacob Riis Upton Sinclair

70. Progressive Presidents Theodore Roosevelt Republican Youngest Prez Took office after McKinley is shot

71. Progressive Presidents Led the fight to dissolve 40 monopolies as a “trust buster“ “Square Deal" promised a fair shake for the average citizen, including: – regulation of railroad rates and pure foods and drugs. – promotion of the conservation movement, emphasizing efficient use of natural resources.

73. Progressive Presidents William H Taft Republican Promised to continue TR’s ideas Tried but lacked TR’s energy

74. Progressive Presidents Interstate Commerce Commission was directed to set railroad rates. Initiated 80 antitrust suits Submitted to the states amendments for a Federal income tax and the direct election of Senators.

76. Progressive Presidents Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Gifford Pinchot – Head of Forest Service Richard Ballinger – Sec. of Interior Pinchot accused Ballinger of taking bribes for mining rights in Alaska Taft fired Pinchot!

77. Progressive Presidents Progressive Republicans are upset w/ Taft & want TR back TR loses in the primaries so he creates his own political party Progressive Party aka Bull Moose Party

80. Election of 1912 Rep – William Taft Dem – Woodrow Wilson Prog – Teddy Roosevelt

81. Wilson Wins!!!! CandidatePopular VoteElectoral Vote Wilson6,296, 547435 Roosevelt4,118,57188 Taft3,486,7208 Other1,135,637None

83. Progressive Presidents Woodrow Wilson Democrat Continued Progressivism Prez during WWI

84. Progressive Presidents Anti-trust legislation established a Federal Trade Commission to prohibit unfair business practices. Laws prohibiting child labor; another limited railroad workers to an eight-hour day. Lowered Tariffs

85. Progressive Presidents Louis Brandeis – 1 st Jewish Supreme Court Justice Dept. of Labor Women’s Bureau

86. Progressive Presidents 16 th Amendment – Congress can levy income taxes 17 th Amendment – Direct Election of Senators 18 th Amendment – Prohibition of Alcohol 19 th Amendment – Women’s Suffrage