1. Pyruvate degradation occurs in the mitochondria © Michael Palmer 2014

2. The PDH reaction occurs in three successive steps that are catalyzed by three different subunits © Michael Palmer 2014

3. The structural organization of the PDH complex © Michael Palmer 2014

4. A lipoamide tether guides the substrate from one active site to the next © Michael Palmer 2014

5. The pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction involves multiple coenzymes © Michael Palmer 2014

6. Thiamine pyrophosphate forms a carbanion © Michael Palmer 2014

7. Decarboxylation of pyruvate by E 1 © Michael Palmer 2014

8. Release of acetyl-CoA and disposal of hydrogen © Michael Palmer 2014

9. Alternate metabolic destinations of pyruvate 1.conversion to acetyl-CoA by PDH for complete degradation or for synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol 2.carboxylation to oxaloacetate, for use in gluconeogenesis or in the citric acid cycle 3.synthesis of amino acids, e.g., transamination to alanine 4.reduction to lactate

10. Regulation of PDH by allosteric effectors and by phosphorylation © Michael Palmer 2014

11. The overall reaction of the TCA cycle: does it add up? © Michael Palmer 2014

12. The citrate synthase reaction © Michael Palmer 2014

13. Reactions in the TCA cycle: from citrate to succinyl-CoA © Michael Palmer 2014

14. Reactions in the TCA: from succinyl-CoA to oxaloacetate © Michael Palmer 2014

15. α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase resembles PDH © Michael Palmer 2014

16. Regulation of the citric acid cycle ● ATP and NADH inhibit isocitrate dehydrogenase ● NADH inhibits α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase ● High levels of NADH will lower the oxaloacetate concentration, which limits citrate synthase activity