1. A Tour of the Cell  Categories of Cells  Features of Eukaryotic Cells o Membrane Structure o Nucleus and Ribosomes o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) o Golgi Apparatus o Lysosomes o Vacuoles  Energy Converting Organelles o Chloroplasts o Mitochondria  Cytoskeleton o Cell Shape o Cell Movement

2. Fibroblasts Erythrocytes Epithelial cells (d) Cell that fights disease Nerve cell Fat cell Sperm (a) Cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases (c) Cell that stores nutrients (b) Cells that move organs and body parts (e) Cell that gathers information and control body functions (f) Cell of reproduction Skeletal Muscle cell Smooth muscle cells Macrophage Structure Dictates Function, Even at the Cellular Level

3. Why Are Cells So Small? Cell remain small because they cannot efficiently import nutrients or export waste materials across their membranes when they get too large.

4. The Two Major Categories of Cells The countless cells on earth fall into two categories: –Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria –Eukaryotic cells, such as protist, fungal, plant, or animal cells

5. Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

6. A Tour of the Cell  Categories of Cells  Features of Eukaryotic Cells o Membrane Structure o Nucleus and Ribosomes o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) o Golgi Apparatus o Lysosomes o Vacuoles  Energy Converting Organelles o Chloroplasts o Mitochondria  Cytoskeleton o Cell Shape o Cell Movement

7. A Tour of the Cell  Categories of Cells  Features of Eukaryotic Cells o Membrane Structure o Nucleus and Ribosomes o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) o Golgi Apparatus o Lysosomes o Vacuoles  Energy Converting Organelles o Chloroplasts o Mitochondria  Cytoskeleton o Cell Shape o Cell Movement

8. Secretion being released from cell by exocytosis Peroxisome Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Golgi apparatus Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytosol Lysosome Mitochondrion Centrioles Centrosome matrix Cytoskeletal elements Microtubule Intermediate filaments Plasma membrane Anatomy of a Eukaryotic (Animal) Cell

9. A Tour of the Cell  Categories of Cells  Features of Prokaryotic Cells  Features of Eukaryotic Cells o Membrane Structure o Nucleus and Ribosomes o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) o Golgi Apparatus o Lysosomes o Vacuoles  Energy Converting Organelles o Chloroplasts o Mitochondria  Cytoskeleton o Cell Shape o Cell Movement

10. Cell (Plasma) Membrane and Internal Membranes The plasma membrane separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings and regulates molecular traffic Animal cells have an extracellular matrix outside of their cells that hold them together in tissues and protects and supports them.

11. A Tour of the Cell  Categories of Cells  Features of Prokaryotic Cells  Features of Eukaryotic Cells o Membrane Structure o Nucleus and Ribosomes o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) o Golgi Apparatus o Lysosomes o Vacuoles  Energy Converting Organelles o Chloroplasts o Mitochondria  Cytoskeleton o Cell Shape o Cell Movement

12. Figure 3.2 Secretion being released from cell by exocytosis Peroxisome Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Golgi apparatus Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytosol Lysosome Mitochondrion Centrioles Centrosome matrix Cytoskeletal elements Microtubule Intermediate filaments Plasma membrane Focus on the Nucleus and Ribosomes

13. The Nucleus: Information Storage and Control of the Cell The nucleus is the library of the cell. Chromosomes (books) within the nucleus store instruc- tions on how to run the cell

14. Ribosomes Make Proteins Using Genetic Instructions Copy of instructions from the nucleus

15. A Tour of the Cell  Categories of Cells  Features of Prokaryotic Cells  Features of Eukaryotic Cells o Membrane Structure o Nucleus and Ribosomes o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) o Golgi Apparatus o Lysosomes o Vacuoles  Energy Converting Organelles o Chloroplasts o Mitochondria  Cytoskeleton o Cell Shape o Cell Movement

16. The Endoplasmic Reticulum A protein synthesis site for exported proteins on the rough ER; acts as a “worktable” for ribosomes A routing system for delivery of proteins (subway system) A lipid synthesis factory in the smooth ER, including phospholipids for cell membrane Variations of endoplasmic reticulum include sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscles cells (to store Ca +2 ) and Nissl bodies (rough ER) in neurons.