1. Unit 3 POLITICAL BEHAVIOR: GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE

2. Unit 3, Notes 1 PARTIES AND WHAT THEY DO

3.  A ____________ party is a group of people who seek to control government _____________ the winning of elections and the ________________ of public office  We have 2 _____________ parties in the U.S.  _____________  Republicans  Parties want to ___________ government because they want to have an ___________ on certain public policies and ____________  Example  Democrats wanted to get in ___________ to get us out of war POLITICAL PARTIES

4.  Political Parties are a _________ link between people and their government  Presents ____________ to the people and ___________ them of gov. actions  They are how the will of the people is made known to the gov. and how the gov. is held _________________ for answering to the will of the people  They help get people to ____________ so they can change the gov. and they also help get people out of office who are not doing their __________  The major _____________ of political parties includes…  _________________ candidates  Selecting candidates  Presenting them to __________  _____________ the candidates win elections  Parties are the best ___________ for finding candidates and ________________ support for them MAJOR FUNCTIONS

5.  Parties also ___________ and __________ voters…they do this many ways  ____________, take stand of issues, criticize opponents of their _____________  Each party _________ to inform people as to how they want them to be informed  Give voters the _______________ they want them to have  Present their candidates in the best __________ possible  Use pamphlets, bumper stickers, signs, advertisements, ___________, rallies, etc. to gather support and inspire people to vote  _____________ goal of both parties  Win election, so they won’t be too ____________ with the stands they take  Don’t want to ____________ voters MAJOR FUNCTION, CONT.

6.  Insure that people they _____________ are of good character and are qualified  Makes sure that while in ____________ that person upholds party ideals  Important because if that person doesn’t then that party risks not winning ____________ elections  Much governing in US is ____________ according to party lines  Based what they do on party organization and ___________  Partisanship - strong _________ of party and policy stands  Most political appointments to office are based on party _____________ “BONDING AGENT”

7.  Parties have played a role in constitutional _______________  Parties have developed the way that we _____________ a president  This was not ________________ in the Constitution  They have also ____________ the complicated election process and made it ___________ CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE

8.  Parties in the role of “_____________”  Watch over public business  The party out of ___________ especially does this  Watch what the party in __________ does (the party that controls the executive branch) and _____________ it  Do this to point out to people and _____________ them to get rid of that party in next ____________  ______________ role because this keeps the party in power on its ________  They don’t want to mess up and give the party out of anything to ___________ WATCHDOG

9.  Beginnings of American ____________ system traced to the battle for ______________ of constitution  Federalist Party = first to appear  Formed around Alexander Hamilton  _____________ Constitution  Wanted ____________ national government  Liberal (loose) ________________ of Constitution  ______________ it as need be  Jeffersonians (Anti-Feds) led by Thomas Jefferson  Wanted very ______________ role of gov.  ____________ should dominate gov.  Favored “____________ man”  _____________ interpretation Constitution TWO-PARTY SYSTEM HISTORY

10. FEDERALISTSJEFFERSONIANS ALEXANDER HAMILITONTHOMAS JEFFERSON STRONG NATIONAL GOV.LIMITED ROLE OF NATIONAL GOV EXECUTIVE DOMINATECONGRESS DOMINATE RICH, WELL-BORN“COMMON MAN” LIBERAL CONSTITUTIONSTRICT CONSTITUTION

11.  Jefferson resigned from Washington’s ____________ to focus on building party  Eventually became known as Democratic- Republican Party  Jefferson won next election  Defeated _____________ (current officeholder) John Adams  American Party System = 4 major periods  First 3, one major party _________________  4 th era, today – ____________ gov. JEFFERSON’S PARTY

12.  ____________ number  Some only in certain states or __________  Others all over __________  Most are _________- lived, some have been around  Most focus on one __________, others are more ___________ MINOR PARTIES IN THE U.S.

13. 1) Ideological party – based on particular set of ___________  Based on views regarding social, ______________, political matters  Most built on __________ (Socialist, Socialist Labor, Communists)  _________________ – emphasizes individual, do away with most gov. _____________ and programs 2) Single-issue Party – focus on one public policy ___________  Name associated with issue = _____________  Most _________ away 4 TYPES OF MINOR PARTIES

14. 3) Economic Protest Party – tend to form in periods of _______________ problems  No clear-cut political ideology, usually __________ at present _______________  Populist Party – demanded public ______________ of Railroad, telephone  They proclaim ____________ at major parties  ____________ anger on monetary _____________ 4) Splinter Parties – have split from major parties  ____________ form around _________ person  Usually someone who has __________ to win the major ___________ presidential nomination  Usually collapse when leader steps ___________  Examples  Theodore Roosevelt “Bull Moose Party”  George ______________ “American Independent Party” – he rejoined the Dem. Party once he performed well in 1968 election  Ralph ___________ “Green Party” 4 TYPES OF MINOR PARTIES, CONT.

15.  A minor ___________ was first to use national convention to nominate president candidates  Others _____________ them  Many times a 3rd party (minor) in election plays role of “_____________”  It _________ votes away from one of the major parties  _________ in 2000  Not afraid to take controversial stands on __________, bring many important points to light  _________________________ WHY MINOR PARTIES IMPORTANT

16.  We think of the two major parties as __________ and very organized, but the _____________ is true  they aren’t that closely tied together and are very ________________  Do not have a _________ of command to run them, coming from the national level down to __________ level  Each state has its _______ organization, even broken down _________ local organizations  Most of these act __________________ of one another PARTY ORGANIZATION

17.  President’s party is usually more _________ and better organized than the _____________ party  President automatically becomes the party ___________  Simply because he is the president  Uses this power by making _______________ to federal office  He chooses _____________ of his party to put in office  Other parties have no one even ________ to that much power  They usually don’t have one person to lead the party  A number of people usually __________ with one another for that position ROLE OF THE PRESIDENCY

18.  The __________ role of political parties  Candidate selection _________ within the party  They don’t choose an __________  Many times it divides the party, puts ____________ against Democrat, etc.  This is a __________ parties are decentralized ROLE OF NOMINATING PROCESS

19. 4 elements that make up political parties on a national level 1)National Convention  National __________ of the party  Meet in summer of election year to ____________ party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates  Also ________ the party’s ______________ (what it will stand for) 2)National Committee  Between ____________ they handle party ______________  Led by a national _______________  Republican National Committee (RNC) and the _______________ National Committee (DNC)  Both have a national _________________ and committee members from each state  ___________ to have power because it contains leading members of the party, but really all it does is plan for the next ________________ NATIONAL PARTY

20. 3)National Chairperson  Chosen by the national committee to a _____________  Choice is made by the presidential _____________ just nominated at the convention  Works to strengthen the party, promote party unity, ___________, recruit new ________ 4)Congressional Campaign Committees  In each house of ____________  Work to ____________ incumbents and make sure seats that are given up by _____________ Congress members stay within their party NATIONAL PARTY, CONT Michael Steel Tim Kaine

21.  There are party ________ in each part of the state that hold elected offices  _________, counties, districts, etc.  Ward - (we call it a district) unit in which the city is __________ for the election of its city ___________ members  Precinct - where you go to cast your _________  ____________ place LOCAL ORGANIZATION

22. Unit 3, Notes 2 VOTERS AND VOTER BEHAVIOR

23. _____________ left power to set suffrage qualifications to each state  ____________ = right to vote  When constitution ratified in 1789  right to vote only allowed __________, male, ______________ owner  _________ could not vote  Today _____________ – those allowed to vote, much larger, almost anyone 18 or older  Because of the many _____________ over _________ years of who is allowed to vote (laws)  Over years this power has ____________ been assumed by federal government VOTING RIGHTS

24.  1) Early _________ ended any ____________ test to vote  Had been in place during ___________ days  After that, states began eliminating qualifications property ownership, and _______ payment  2) ____________________ allowed African American to vote  Said no ____________ can be denied right to vote because of race or color  Still prevented from voting by ________________ state laws created to get around this  3) 19 th Amendment – can not be _______________ from voting because of sex 5 STAGES OF EXTENDING SUFFRAGE

25.  4) Voting Rights Act of 1965 – African Americans allowed to ________  23 rd Amendment – gave _______ votes in Presidential electorate  24 th Amendment – eliminated _________ tax  5) 26 th Amendment – no state can set minimum voting age at more than ______.  States still allowed power to set voter _________________ 5 STAGES OF EXTENDING SUFFRAGE, CONT.

26. States determine who can vote o All states say you must meet qualifications based on _____ factors 1)_____________ 2)Residence 3)________ ROLE OF THE STATES

27. Aliens – foreign born people who live in the US but have not become ___________  Are generally _________ the right to vote  But ____________ in Constitution says they can not or states can not allow them to vote  Some states will allow them to vote if they have ___________ for ________________ CITIZENSHIP

28. Must be a _________ resident of state in which you want to vote  Do this for 2 reasons 1) keep political parties from bribing outsiders to come in and vote on their ___________ 2) all new voters (residents of state) time to get to know _________ of the state and the candidates o Most say you have to live in state for _______ days o Most do prohibit _______________ – person living in state for a short time from gaining legal _____________ o College student – only _______________ there so can’t vote o But many states will allow your campus ________________ to count for residency so you can ________ RESIDENCE

29. 26 th Amendment - must be _____ or older  Minimum age can not be more than 18, can set less than 18 if states want to  Made in 1971 during ___________ – ratified more ______________ than any other amendment  “old enough to _______, old enough to vote”  But you people don’t show up to _______ AGE

30.  Registration  Must __________ to vote  Procedure of voter identification to prevent ________________ voting  Gives election officials list of _____________ voters  Must _____________ name, age, place of birth, ____________ address, length of residence  Local election officials __________ to __________ lists of registered voters  remove names of those no longer ____________  Some think that registering should be done away with because it hinders people from ______________, especially poor, uneducated  Most states have eased registration _____________ OTHER QUALIFICATIONS

31. Congressed passed law requiring it  ____________ Voter Law – states must… 1) allow eligible citizens to register when applying for or ______________ license 2) provide for voter registration by _________ 3) make registration forms ________________ at state employment, welfare, and other social service agencies 4) requires questionnaires be mailed to registered voters so poll can be purged for or changes of ____________ 5) can not be purged for ___________ to vote OTHER QUALIFICATIONS, CONT.

32. No state has __________________ based on literacy – ability to read or write  Was used to make sure voter could cast _____________ ballots  Used unfairly to keep African Americans and ___________ Americans from voting  Many white people asked to “______________” short passages from constitution  African Americans given long, highly ___________ passages  This sometimes ___________ whites from voting  Enacted ________________ clause  A man or his male descendants who had voted before 15 th Amendment could ____________ vote without passing literacy test  ____________ Rights Acts ended this LITERACY

33. Right to vote cannot be denied due to _______, color, or previous condition of servitude  Intended to ensure that African American ________ could vote  But all the ______________ did was make this statement  It did not provide a means to ____________ and implement  To make it ____________ congress would have to act  would not happen for _______ years  During that time African Americans were kept from _________ in most of south  Used violence, threats, would fire them if they _____________ to vote  “Legal devices” were used – __________ tests  Poll taxes 15 TH AMENDMENT

34. Gerrymandering – ____________ electoral district line to limit voting ____________ of particular party  “_________ primaries” – always elected a ____________  Also states defined political parties as “____________ associations”  Can choose to ___________ members, only party members could vote in primary  Supreme Court outlawed gerrymandering in Alabama  Gomillion v. Lightfoot  AL legislature had _____________ electoral districts around ______________ to not include blacks in city limits  Court said this violated 15 th Amendment because it irregularly shaped district clearly created to ____________ blacks of political power GERRYMANDERING

35. Civil Rights Act of 1957 – set up US Civil Rights Commission  Job to _________ into claims of voter _________________ Civil Rights Act of 1964  ____________ and more effective  ___________ discrimination in several areas, especially job-related  Forbids use of any voter registration or ___________ requirement in unfair discriminatory manner  Relied on judicial action to overcome _____________ and used federal courts to order change  Injunctions – court order that either ____________ (forces) or restrains (limits) the performance of some act by private individual or public official  A _______________ of an injunction may = __________  Many protests and __________ all around South CIVIL RIGHTS AND VOTING RIGHTS

36. Finally made 15 th Amendment ___________ effective  Applied to all elections, _________, state, local  Only for _____ years but congress had extended it each time  No more use of literacy test or similar __________  Gave federal ____________ right to oversee voting in some areas VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

37. Throughout history _______ and less people have been _____________ their right to vote  Even lower rates of turnout in off year _____________  in congressional elections held in even-numbered years _____________ presidential elections Nonvoter problems more than _____ million persons who voted in last presidential election could also have voted for a congressional candidate but they did not choose to  They are called “___________ voters”  They are much more common in state and _________ elections  As a general rule, the farther __________ the ballot an office is, the _________ the number of votes that will be cast  This is sometimes referred to as “ballot ____________”  This suggests that many voters ____________ their patience and/or knowledge as they work their way down the ballot VOTER PARTICIPATION

38. Cannot-voters  Several million persons who are ____________ identified as nonvoters can be more accurately described as “cannot voters”  They ________ vote, but they actually cannot do so  Some of these people are resident aliens  They are _______ from the polls in every state  Others may be _______ or disabled  Other reasons include mental condition, prison or ____________ beliefs WHY PEOPLE DO NOT VOTE

39. Millions of actual nonvoters  Those who could have voted in presidential election but did not  Number of ___________ for this  Many who could vote do not because they are _____________ that it makes little _______ difference who wins  The large group contains two different groups of ___________  It includes many who _____________ approve of the way the public business is being managed  They believe no matter who wins things will continue to go _______  Many other feel ____________  Many who deliberately refuse to vote because they don’t __________ political institutions  Others believe their vote has no ________ impact on what government ________ or the outcome of the election ACTUAL NONVOTERS

40. Other factors affect whether voters show up at poll  _____________ election procedures  inconvenient registration requirements  ________ ballots, long lines at polling place  Of all reasons the _________ cause for nonvoting is lack of __________  Most often they do not know even the simplest ______ about the candidates and issues ___________ FACTORS AFFECTING TURNOUT

41. Many differences between them  People most likely to vote display characteristics as __________ levels of __________, education and occupational status  Tend to be long-time residents who are _________ in or comfortable with their ______________  Likely to have strong sense of party __________________ and believe that voting is an important act  Nonvoters likely to be younger than ______, unmarried, unskilled  More in the South and __________ areas  Today ____________ more likely to vote than men COMPARING VOTERS AND NON-VOTERS

42. Parts of voters _________ and economic life that affect voting  Income, occupation  Voters in lower income ___________ more like to be democrats  Voters in higher income brackets tend to be ______________  _________________ and business people tend to vote republican  Gender, Age  ___________ tend to favor democrats, Men = ________________  Younger voters – more likely ____________  _____________, Ethic  Protestants – _______________  __________, Jewish – democrat  African American – --------------------  ____________ - democrat SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS

43. Unit 3, Notes 3 THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC OPINION

44. Public Opinion – __________ that most American are of t he same viewpoints, opinion on a particular ________ Example: public opinion of _______________  Politicians say “______________” want this or that  assuming the public holds same opinion  But its not that easy, public actually agrees on very little  Most issues don’t capture attention of all _____________  especially in __________  Probably find more people who have an opinion on Brittany thank on _______________  So public opinion should be about public affairs…  events that _________ many people  So public opinion then should be…  attitudes held by significant __________ of people on matters of government PUBLIC OPINION

45. Family and Education  ___________ we learn our public opinions  Starts first at ________  this is where we hear our __________/guardians, political socializations starts here  Influences a child’s _________ toward government, race, religion, etc.  School  _________ of school begins to break __________ of family  Children are __________ at school to respect flag, founding fathers and love for country PUBLIC OPINION, CONT.

46. Mass Media  _________ of communication that reach large number at same time  Radio, TV, Internet, _____________  Influence our opinions Peer Groups  Influence friends, ____________ Opinion Leaders  Any ___________ who has strong influence on views of others  Celebrities, ____________, gov. leaders OTHER FACTORS

47. 1)Television - reaches the most people (80% of _______________ gets its news this way) - 3 major networks – NBC, CBS, ABC – ___________ added FOX, CNN, cable news channels - 24 hour news _____________ make news even more accessible FORMS OF MASS MEDIA

48. 2) Newspapers – __________ form - newspapers can cover stories in more _________ than TV news can - can also present ______________ points of view (editorials) - __________ more local news 3) Radio – FDR first _________ public figure to use it effectively for politics -most only __________ a few minutes to news -just the headlines, or ______________ news -___________ cities may have some all news channels -talk radio has become _____________ popular FORMS OF MASS MEDIA, CONT.

49. 4) Magazines – most deal with special interests (ex: Sports Illustrated, ________________, Seventeen) - 3 major news magazines = Time, _______________, US News and World Report - can go in depth, but on the __________ they choose 5) Internet -___________ form -Cnn.com, foxnews.com FORMS OF MASS MEDIA, CONT.

50. Media has great affect on politics in two _________ areas: 1)Sets the public ____________ – as they report and talk the media determines what issues people will think and talk about - can focus the public attention on certain _________ 2)Electoral Policies – ______________ are less dependent on their party to get their word out - with TV, candidates can ________ directly to the people - politicians are very aware of the image the media ____________ - candidates plan things around TV ___________ (Ex: timing, location, what they wear) MEDIA AND POLITICS

51.  News casts usually ____________ stories that are short, and show people doing something interesting  Show candidates in a soundbite = ________ 30-45 second excerpt or sometimes staged report Limits of Media Influence  Only a ________ part of the public pays close enough attention to political events  only small part understand what most of the media is talking about  Those that do pay ______________ are selective  they ___________ to pay attention to media sources that support their views  TV mostly entertains, radio only “__________” the news  Newspapers go in more __________, but most people read the sports or local news MEDIA AND POLITICS, CONT.

52. Historic Events  _____________ public opinion  Example: ________________ – changed way people viewed government  Many more people began to call for more government ___________________ in life  Shift in loyalty from ______________ to _______________  War – changes opinion OTHER FACTORS, CONT.

53. Unit 3, Notes 4 INTEREST GROUPS

54.  Public policy is very ______________ in American politics – it can’t be successful without widespread support of the people  Interest groups know this!  So they try to accomplish 3 goals: 1) Supply the __________ with information they think people should have – through commercials, ______, etc. 2) Build a ___________ image for the group 3) _____________ a particular public policy EX: supporting a ______ in Congress PUBLIC POLICY

55.  Technique of ____________ aimed at influencing individual or group behaviors  Interest groups use propaganda to create the public attitudes and __________ they want people to have  Advertise, use mass media to ____________ their ideas  May attack with name-calling or by trying to ___________ an opposing person or idea  Only presents their side of the issue in a _________ light PROPAGANDA

56.  Leaders of interest groups know that political parties are ________________ for choosing the people who will make public policy (elected politicians)  So they keep a close ________ on parties  encourage members of their group to get ___________ in parties = help them win influence  Decide which candidates they will back and _________ money to INFLUENCING PARTIES AND ELECTIONS

57.  Single- interest groups have grown – support only one cause EX: ___________  Work for or against a candidate solely based on that candidate’s ________ on that issue SINGLE-INTEREST GROUPS

58.  _____________ by a group which pressure legislators and the legislative process  One particular bill in Congress has the ______________ to affect many groups of people  All these groups want to ______________ that legislation – some want it passed, some don’t  These groups have lobbyists that work for them to pressure legislators into acting on the legislation they way they want  Lobbyists will meet with _________________ they feel they can influence  Many _________: present reports and data, may find experts to testify before Congress about the issue  Bring grass roots _____________ – from the people, the average voters = gather emails, encourage phone calls, etc.  Publish ___________ for Congressman according to their voting records LOBBYING

59.  Bribery and _____________ practices have long been associated with lobbying in past, but many measures made to clean it up  Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 – lobbyists must ___________ with government and provide all information regarding purpose of lobby and money spent LOBBYING, CONT.