1. Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. Alliteration

2. Alliteration Example: Page 46, lines 233-236. “Out from the marsh, from the foot of misty/Hills and bogs, bearing God’s hatred,/Grendel came, hoping to kill/Anyone he could trap on this trip to high Herot.”

3. Kenning is metaphorical compound words or phrases substituted for simple nouns. Kenning

4. Kenning Example: page 47, line 270 “strong-hearted wakeful sleeper” =Beowulf page 47, line 273 “shepherd of evil” and “guardian of crime” for Grendel

5. Imagery is words or phrases that create vivid sensory experiences for the reader; the majority of these are visual, but may also appeal to senses of smell, hearing, taste, and touch. Imagery

6. Imagery Example: Page 52, lines 425-433 “They live in secret places, windy/Cliffs, wolf-dens where water pours/From the rocks, then runs underground, where mist/Steams like black clouds, and groves of trees/Growing out over their lake are all covered/With frozen spray, and wind down snakelike/Roots that reach as far as the water/And help keep it dark. At night that lake/Burns like a torch.”