1. CS 112 Programming 2 Lecture 02 Objects and Classes (1)

2. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Chapter 9 Objects and Classes

3. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Objectives  To describe objects and classes, and use classes to model objects (§9.2).  To use UML graphical notation to describe classes and objects (§9.2).  To demonstrate how to define classes and create objects (§9.3).  To create objects using constructors (§9.4).  To access objects via object reference variables (§9.5).  To define a reference variable using a reference type (§9.5.1).  To access an object’s data and methods using the object member access operator (.) (§9.5.2).  To define data fields of reference types and assign default values for an object’s data fields (§9.5.3).  To distinguish between object reference variables and primitive data type variables (§9.5.4).  To use the Java library classes Date, Random, and Point2D (§9.6).  To distinguish between instance and static variables and methods (§9.7).  To define private data fields with appropriate get and set methods (§9.8).  To encapsulate data fields to make classes easy to maintain (§9.9).  To develop methods with object arguments and differentiate between primitive-type arguments and object-type arguments (§9.10).  To store and process objects in arrays (§9.11).  To create immutable objects from immutable classes to protect the contents of objects (§9.12).  To determine the scope of variables in the context of a class (§9.13).  To use the keyword this to refer to the calling object itself (§9.14).

4. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Object-Oriented Programming An object represents an entity in the real world that can be distinctly identified Examples: A student, a desk, a circle, and even a loan can all be viewed as objects Each object has a unique identity, state, and behaviors: State of an object consists of a set of data fields (also known as properties) with their current values Behavior of an object is defined by a set of methods Object-oriented programming (OOP) involves programming using objects

5. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Classes  A Java class uses variables to define data fields and methods to define behaviors  Additionally, a class provides a special type of methods, known as constructors, which are invoked to construct objects from that class Classes are constructs that define objects of the same type

6. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 A Java Class

7. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 UML Notation for Classes & Objects

8. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Example 1: Defining Classes & Creating Objects Objective: Demonstrate creating objects, accessing data, and invoking methods of the SimpleCircle class TestSimpleCircle Run

9. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Example 2: Defining Classes & Creating Objects TV Run TestTV

10. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Constructors What are they? They are a special kind of methods that are invoked to construct and initialize objects How do we define them? They must have the same name as the class itself. They do not have a return type - not even void Circle() { } Circle(double newRadius) { radius = newRadius; } How do we invoke them? They are invoked using the new operator new Circle(); new Circle(5.0);

11. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Default & No-Args Constructors  A constructor without parameters is called a no-args constructor Example: Circle() { }  A class may be defined without constructors  In that case, a no-arg constructor with an empty body is implicitly defined in the class  This constructor, called the default constructor, is provided automatically only if no constructors are explicitly defined in the class

12. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Declaring Object Reference Variables  To reference an object, assign the object to a reference variable  To declare a reference variable, use the syntax: ClassName objectRefVar; Example: Circle myCircle;

13. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Declaring & Constructing Objects in a Single Step ClassName objectRefVar = new ClassName(); Example: Circle myCircle = new Circle(); Create an object Assign object reference

14. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Accessing Object’s Members Referencing the object’s data: objectRefVar.data Example: myCircle.radius Invoking the object’s method: objectRefVar.methodName(arguments) Example: myCircle.getArea()

15. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Trace Code Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100; Declare myCircle no value myCircle animation

16. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Trace Code, cont. Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100; no value myCircle Create a circle animation

17. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Trace Code, cont. Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100; reference value myCircle Assign object reference to myCircle animation

18. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Trace Code, cont. Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100; reference value myCircle no value yourCircle Declare yourCircle animation

19. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Trace Code, cont. Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100; reference value myCircle no value yourCircle Create a new Circle object animation

20. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Trace Code, cont. Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100; reference value myCircle reference value yourCircle Assign object reference to yourCircle animation

21. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Trace Code, cont. Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); Circle yourCircle = new Circle(); yourCircle.radius = 100; reference value myCircle reference value yourCircle Change radius in yourCircle animation

22. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Caution Recall that, to invoke a method in the Math class, we use Math.methodName(arguments) (e.g., Math.pow(3, 2.5) ) Can we invoke getArea() using SimpleCircle.getArea() ? The answer is no. All the methods used before this chapter were static methods, which are defined using the static keyword. However, getArea() is not static. It must be invoked from an object using objectRefVar.methodName(arguments) Example: myCircle.getArea()

23. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Reference Data Fields The data fields can be of primitive type or reference type Example: The following Student class contains a data field name of the String type, which is a reference type public class Student { String name; // name has default value null int age; // age has default value 0 boolean isMathMajor; // isMathMajor default value is false char gender; // gender has default value '\u0000' }

24. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Default Value for a Data Field Example: public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Student student = new Student(); System.out.println("name? " + student.name); System.out.println("age? " + student.age); System.out.println("isMathMajor? " + student.isMathMajor); System.out.println("gender? " + student.gender); } If a data field of a reference type does not reference any object, the data field holds a special literal value, null name? null age? 0 isMathMajor? false gender? TypeDefault Value Numeric 0 booleanfalse char'\u0000' Reference null

25. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Example: Local Variables inside Methods public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int x; // x has no default value String y; // y has no default value System.out.println("x is " + x); System.out.println("y is " + y); } Compile-time error: variable not initialized Java assigns no default value to local variables inside methods

26. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Differences between Variables of Primitive Data Types & Object Types

27. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Copying Variables of Primitive Data Types & Object Types int i = 1; int j = 2;

28. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Garbage Collection As shown in the previous figure, after the assignment statement c1 = c2, c1 points to the same object referenced by c2. The object previously referenced by c1 is no longer referenced. That object is now garbage Garbage is automatically collected by JVM TIP: If you know that an object is no longer needed, you can explicitly assign null to its reference variable. The JVM will automatically collect the space if the object is not referenced by any variable

29. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. CS 112 Programming 2 Lecture 03 Objects and Classes (2)

30. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Instance and Static Variables, Constants & Methods InstanceStatic Variablesbelong to a specific instance shared by all the instances of the class Methodsare invoked by an instance of a class not tied to a specific instance Constants are final variables shared by all the instances of the class To declare static variables, constants, and methods, use the static modifier

31. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Static Variables, Constants, and Methods

32. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Example: Using Instance & Class Variables & Methods Objective: Demonstrate the roles of instance and class variables and their uses. This example adds a class variable numberOfObjects to track the number of Circle objects created Run CircleWithStaticMembers TestCircleWithStaticMembers

33. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Visibility Modifiers & Accessor/Mutator Methods By default, the class, variable, or method can be accessed by any class in the same package public: The class, data, or method is visible to any class in any package private: The data or methods can be accessed only by the declaring class The get() and set() methods (called accessor and mutator methods, respectively) are used to read and modify private properties

34. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 private modifier restricts access to within a class default modifier restricts access to within a package public modifier enables unrestricted access Visibility Modifiers Example #1

35. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 default modifier restricts access to within a package public modifier enables unrestricted access Visibility Modifiers Example #2

36. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 NOTE  An object cannot access its private members, as shown in (b)  It is OK, however, if the object is declared in its own class, as shown in (a)

37. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Why Data Fields Should Be private ? 1.To protect data 2.To make code easy to maintain The practice of preventing direct access to data from outside the class is called data field encapsulation

38. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Data Field Encapsulation Run CircleWithPrivateDataFields TestCircleWithPrivateDataFields For data field encapsulation, we make the data fields in a class private and provide access to them via public methods

39. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Passing Objects to Methods  Passing by value for primitive type value (the value is passed to the parameter)  Passing by value for reference type value (the value is the reference to the object) Run TestPassObject

40. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Passing Objects to Methods, cont.

41. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 41 Array of Objects Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10]; An array of objects is actually an array of reference variables. So invoking circleArray[1].getArea() involves two levels of referencing as shown in the next figure circleArray references to the entire array circleArray[1] references to a Circle object

42. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 42 Array of Objects, cont. Example: Summarizing the areas of the circles Run TotalArea Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];

43. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 43 Immutable Objects and Classes If the contents of an object cannot be changed once the object is created, the object is called an immutable object and its class is called an immutable class Example: If you delete the set method in the Circle class in Listing 8.10, the class would be immutable because radius is private and cannot be changed without a set() method. A class with all private data fields and without mutators is not necessarily immutable. For example, the following class Student has all private data fields and no mutators, but it is mutable

44. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 44 Example public class Student { private int id; private BirthDate birthDate; public Student(int ssn, int year, int month, int day) { id = ssn; birthDate = new BirthDate(year, month, day); } public int getId() { return id; } public BirthDate getBirthDate() { return birthDate; } } public class BirthDate { private int year; private int month; private int day; public BirthDate(int newYear, int newMonth, int newDay) { year = newYear; month = newMonth; day = newDay; } public void setYear(int newYear) { year = newYear; } } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Student student = new Student(111223333, 1970, 5, 3); BirthDate date = student.getBirthDate(); date.setYear(2010); // Now the student birth year is changed! } }

45. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 45 What Class is Immutable? For a class to be immutable, it must:  mark all data fields private  provide no mutator methods and no accessor methods that would return a reference to a mutable data field object

46. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 46 Scope of Variables  The scope of instance and static variables is the entire class. They can be declared anywhere inside a class  The scope of a local variable starts from its declaration and continues to the end of the block that contains the variable A local variable must be initialized explicitly before it can be used The scope of a variable is the region of code within which a variable is visible

47. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 47 The this Keyword  The this keyword is the name of a reference that refers to an object itself  One common use of the this keyword is reference a class’s hidden data fields  Another common use of the this keyword to enable a constructor to invoke another constructor of the same class

48. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 48 this Example: Reference the Hidden Data Fields

49. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 49 this Example: Calling Overloaded Constructor

50. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 50 The Date Class  Java provides a system-independent encapsulation of date and time in the java.util.Date class  You can use the Date class to create an instance for the current date and time and use its toString method to return the date and time as a string

51. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Date Class Example The following code java.util.Date date = new java.util.Date(); System.out.println(date.toString()); displays a string like: Sun Mar 09 13:50:19 EST 2003

52. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 52 The Random Class We have used Math.random() to obtain a random double value between 0.0 and 1.0 (excluding 1.0). A more useful random number generator is provided in the java.util.Random class

53. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 53 Random Class Example If two Random objects have the same seed, they will generate identical sequences of numbers. For example, the following code creates two Random objects with the same seed 3. Random random1 = new Random(3); System.out.print("From random1: "); for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) System.out.print(random1.nextInt(1000) + " "); Random random2 = new Random(3); System.out.print("\nFrom random2: "); for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) System.out.print(random2.nextInt(1000) + " "); From random1: 734 660 210 581 128 202 549 564 459 961 From random2: 734 660 210 581 128 202 549 564 459 961

54. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 54 The Point2D Class Java API has a convenient Point2D class in the javafx.geometry package for representing a point in a two-dimensional plane Run TestPoint2D